Termites: A Keystone Species for Natural Ecosystems

Dr.Ajay Kumar Harit
Associate Professor
Kalinga University Raipur

Termites are well recognized as “ecosystem engineer” due to their significant contribution in natural ecosystems, particularly in sub-tropical and tropical ecosystems. They also contribute to soil and nutrient dynamics in natural ecosystems particularly in soil and forest ecosystems via their nest-building, foraging, tunneling, bioturbation, soil aeration, water infiltration activities, and decomposition rate of organic matter. Due to their substantial impact on soil health, nutrient cycling, and overall ecosystem resilience, also known as keystone species in many natural ecosystems.
Indeed, termites also contribute in soil carbon sequestration through the degradation of organic materials such as leaves letters, wooden twigs, and wooden blogs and left behind carbon rich pools in the form of termites processed soil (in the form of termite mounds and termite sheeting). There bioprocessed soils promote long-term carbon storage and plant growth. Long-term carbon storage is made possible by their nests and tunnels, which aid in the integration of organic materials into lower layer of soil, and help in long-term storage of carbon. Additionally, the soil is aerated through their foraging and digging activities, which promotes the growth of beneficial microbes, fungi and other invertebrates that support in soil assimilation and decomposition of organic matter, leading to a more active natural ecosystem.
Furthermore, termites also food source for many animals such as reptiles, birds, and mammals to maintained the balance of natural ecosystem. Additionally, termites also provide food for predators, especially during the dry season when other food sources may be limited. Due to this relationship, termites are at the core of the food chain, influencing predator numbers and, in turn, the dynamics of the larger ecosystem. Bioturbation is another significant role played by termites to keep ecosystem healthy. This activity enhances the productivity of soil, also support the floral and faunal diversity that contribute in the resilience of ecosystems, making termites a keystone species in many habitats, their bioturbation impacts are beneficial for nutrient cycling and soil conservation, especially in areas that are difficult to manage.
In summary, termites are a true keystone species due to their contributions to soil health, soil and nutrient dynamics, creation of habitat, and support of biodiversity. Their role as ecosystem engineers, decomposers, and a food source for other animals highlights their importance in maintaining the balance of natural ecosystems. Without termites, many ecosystems would face lower biodiversity, reduced fertility, and diminished elasticity to environmental stressors.