Polythene and Public Health: Unveiling the Silent Risks

Dr. Mamta Patra Shahi
Asst.Prof.
Microbiology Department, Kalinga University, Raipur.
Polythene, a common form of plastic derived from petrochemicals, has become indispensable in modern society. Its versatility, affordability, and durability make it ideal for various applications, from packaging to agriculture. However, these same qualities also lead to its persistence in the environment, creating a plethora of public health risks. This article delves into the hidden dangers of polythene pollution, supported by recent research and case studies.
The Ubiquity of Polythene
Polythene, particularly in single-use plastic bags, has a global footprint. Geyer et al. (2017) estimate that over 9 billion metric tons of plastic have been produced since the mid-20th century, with polythene constituting a substantial portion. Disturbingly, only about 9% of all plastic waste has been recycled, leaving the rest to accumulate in landfills, water bodies, and natural ecosystems. This widespread disposal exacerbates environmental degradation and directly impacts human health.
Persistence in the Environment
Polythene’s resistance to natural degradation means it can persist for centuries. Once discarded, it fragments into microplastics—particles smaller than 5 millimeters—which infiltrate water bodies, soils, and even the atmosphere. According to Rochman et al. (2016), microplastics have been detected in marine life, drinking water, and food, raising concerns about their potential health effects on humans.
Direct Health Impacts of Polythene Pollution
Contamination of Food and Water
One of the most insidious impacts of polythene is the contamination of food and water. Microplastics are now pervasive in the human diet. A study by Cox et al. (2019) revealed that an average individual could ingest up to 5 grams of plastic weekly, equivalent to a credit card’s weight. These particles are found in tap water, bottled water, seafood, and even table salt.
Microplastics pose dual threats: physical and chemical. Physically, they can cause gastrointestinal irritation and blockages. Chemically, they leach harmful substances such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), which are endocrine disruptors linked to hormonal imbalances, reproductive disorders, and developmental issues (Talsness et al., 2009).
Airborne Polythene Particles
Recent research highlights the risks associated with inhaling microplastics. Dris et al. (2016) reported high concentrations of airborne microplastics in urban environments. These particles, when inhaled, can deposit in the respiratory tract, leading to inflammation, reduced lung function, and aggravated respiratory conditions such as asthma (Wright & Kelly, 2017).
Chemical Leaching and Toxicity
Polythene products often contain additives like stabilizers, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Over time, these chemicals leach into the environment, contaminating soil and water. Phthalates and BPA, for example, are linked to various health issues, including infertility, metabolic disorders, and cancer (Meeker et al., 2009).
Burning polythene waste releases hazardous pollutants, including dioxins and furans. These chemicals are known carcinogens and can cause severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], 2019).
Indirect Health Impacts
Impact on Marine and Terrestrial Life
Polythene pollution affects marine and terrestrial ecosystems, indirectly impacting human health. Marine organisms, from plankton to large fish, ingest microplastics, mistaking them for food. This not only harms marine biodiversity but also leads to biomagnification of toxic substances in the food chain. Humans, as top consumers, face heightened exposure to these toxins (Lusher et al., 2017).
Soil and Agricultural Contamination
In agriculture, polythene mulching films are widely used to retain soil moisture and control weeds. However, their improper disposal leads to soil contamination. Microplastics in soil alter its structure, reduce fertility, and introduce harmful chemicals into crops (Nizzetto et al., 2016). These changes compromise food security and increase health risks for consumers.
Vulnerable Populations
Certain populations are disproportionately affected by polythene pollution. Waste pickers and recycling industry workers are at higher risk of direct exposure to toxic chemicals and microplastics. Additionally, communities living near landfills or incineration sites are exposed to contaminated water and air, resulting in elevated incidences of cancer, respiratory diseases, and other health conditions (UNEP, 2019).
Policy and Regulation
Despite the evident health risks, policies on polythene usage and waste management vary widely. While some countries have introduced bans on single-use plastics, implementation and enforcement remain challenging. For instance, India’s 2022 ban on single-use plastics has faced obstacles such as inadequate waste management infrastructure and limited public compliance (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change [MoEFCC], 2022).
Globally, the Basel Convention has begun addressing the transboundary movement of hazardous plastic waste. However, more comprehensive international agreements are needed to mitigate polythene’s health impacts effectively (Secretariat of the Basel Convention, 2019).
Solutions and Mitigation Strategies
Technological Innovations
Innovations in biodegradable plastics and advanced recycling technologies offer hope. Researchers are exploring enzymatic degradation of polythene as a sustainable solution. Yoshida et al. (2016) discovered a bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis, capable of breaking down polythene into environmentally benign by-products.
Community-Led Initiatives
Grassroots initiatives play a crucial role in combating polythene pollution. Programs like the “Plastic Bank” incentivize recycling by offering financial rewards, fostering environmental stewardship and economic benefits simultaneously.
Strengthening Regulations and Public Awareness
Governments must implement stricter regulations on polythene production, use, and disposal. Public education campaigns highlighting the health risks of polythene pollution can drive behavior change. For instance, promoting reusable alternatives and responsible waste disposal can significantly reduce plastic waste.
Conclusion
Polythene pollution is a silent yet pervasive threat to public health. From contaminating food and water to causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, its impacts are far-reaching. Addressing this crisis requires coordinated efforts across governments, industries, and communities. By embracing sustainable practices, enforcing stringent regulations, and investing in innovative solutions, we can mitigate the health risks associated with polythene pollution and pave the way for a healthier future.
References
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