LSAT2

Questions 1–6
Meena has six colored pencils—green, maroon, orange, red,white, and yellow. She sketches a drawing using exactly fiveof the six pencils, one pencil at a time. The following
conditions must hold:
No pencil is used more than once.
Either the maroon or the yellow pencil is not used.
The red pencil is used at some time before the green.
The red pencil is used at some time before either the orange or the yellow, but not before both.
The green pencil is used at some time before either the maroon or the white, but not before both.
1. Which one of the following could be an accurate list of the pencils used, from first to fifth?

Questions 7–12
A bird sanctuary contains birds of at least two of the following six kinds—kingfishers, mynas, peacocks, robins, sparrows, and woodpeckers. No other kinds of birds are in the
sanctuary. The following conditions must hold:
Woodpeckers are not in the sanctuary if mynas are.
Peacocks are not in the sanctuary if robins are.
Either robins or woodpeckers, but not both, are in the sanctuary.
Woodpeckers are in the sanctuary if kingfishers, sparrows, or both are in the sanctuary.
7. Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the kinds of birds in the sanctuary?

Questions 13–16
Last year, seven stores—Faroj’s Appliances, Good Buy, Intelligent Office, LANs for Less, Networks Unlimited,Silicon Village, and Uptown Computing—each sold exactly 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 computers, consistent with the following conditions:
Good Buy sold exactly the same number of computers as Networks Unlimited did. Intelligent Office sold exactly the same number of computers as Uptown Computing did. Neither Faroj’s Appliances nor Silicon Village sold exactly the same number of computers as any other store.LANs for Less sold more computers than Uptown Computing did. Intelligent Office sold more computers than Good Buy did.
13. Which one of the following could be an accurate matching of the stores to the exact number of computers each sold last year?

Questions 17–20
Arbutus College owns exactly four houses that it leases to faculty or students. Of these houses, no two are exactly the same distance from Arbutus’s campus, and each house is either a student house (occupied entirely by students) or faculty house (occupied entirely by faculty). The lease length for each house is one, two, or three semesters. The following conditions must hold:
No student house has a three-semester lease.
At least two houses each have longer leases than does the house closest to campus.
Every student house (if there are any) is farther from campus than any faculty house (if there are any).
17. Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the leases of the student houses, ordered from the student house closest to campus to the student house farthest from campus?

21. Jay: The development of a plain writing style in seventeenth-century England was mainly due to an increase in the literacy rate. To reach moderately educated readers, writers simplified their style.
Chandra: No, the pivotal factor was the increasing interest in science among the most highly educated people; a complex, artificial style, however beautiful, interfered with the presentation of scientific facts. Jay’s and Chandra’s comments indicate that they disagree about

22. On the nights immediately following the mysterious Tunguska event, which destroyed a tract of Siberian  wilderness in 1908, eyewitnesses reported seeing noctilucent clouds—brilliant night-visible clouds made up of ice particles that form rarely and only at very high altitudes. Recently, noctilucent clouds have been observed on the nights following launches of rockets that release large amounts of water vapor into the upper atmosphere. This shows that it was a comet impact and not the impact of an asteroid that caused the destruction in Siberia.
The argument depends on assuming which one of the following?

23. Children in the first six standards of school who are publicly singled out for enthusiastic praise by their teachers show marked improvement in their schoolwork. But students in higher standards tend to react negatively to such praise, and their academic performance tends to decline as a result. Which one of the following most helps to explain the differing reactions described above?

24. Bunty: The primary job of police officers is keeping the peace. Since their subsidiary jobs, such as controlling traffic, hinder their performance of the primary one, people other than police officers should be hired to perform the subsidiary jobs.
Naina: To perform their primary job well, police officers must have the trust of citizens. They gain that trust by performing their subsidiary jobs, which are the only functions most citizens see them fulfill.
Bunty and Naina disagree with each other about?

25. Any organization must consider changing its basic structure if there is a dramatic change in its size. Doubling or tripling in size can lead to inefficiency and mismanagement, which restructuring often alleviates. Experience further shows that the more dramatic the change in size, the more fundamental the restructuring needs to be. Therefore, any organization must consider changing its basic structure once it is 20 years old. The argument’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

26. If deep-sea divers ascend too rapidly from ocean depths, the decreasing pressure causes nitrogen to be released as gas bubbles in the blood. This condition is known as “the bends.” Sea snakes, who, like humans, breathe air that contributes nitrogen to the blood, are nevertheless able to make extremely rapid ascents and descents in ocean waters without suffering from the bends.
Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the difference described between
humans and sea snakes?

27. Knowledge in all fields is expanding and Ph.D. studentstake longer than ever before—sometimes eight years— to complete degree requirements. Yet, instead of agreeing that the longer period is needed, some noted scholars are recommending that Ph.D. programs reduce their requirements and have students finish within three years.
Which one of the following, if true, would most contribute to a justification of the noted scholars’ recommendation?

28. Loggerhead turtles are an endangered species. Aquarium officials presumably know and are concerned about the declining number of wild loggerheads. Nevertheless, aquariums keep loggerheads and display them. These turtles are being kept in captivity and are thus prevented from adding to the population of wild turtles.
Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of why aquarium officials keep loggerheads in captivity EXCEPT:

29. Politician: Members of the national legislature have received a very large number of phone calls and letters from people wanting to express their opinions about the new bill before the legislature, which would increase the current tax on bidis and cigarettes by one rupee per pack to pay for new antismoking advertisements. Since a great majority of these people expressed opposition to the bill, it is clear that the public overwhelmingly opposes this tax increase.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

30. Anju: The Adkjos corporation does not fund social programs. Therefore, although Adkjos does make fine products, it is not socially responsible. Sanjeev: That doesn’t mean that Adkjos is not socially responsible. If a business offers good pay and benefits to its employees, and fine service and value to customers, it is socially responsible. Adkjos does those things. On the basis of their statements, Anju and Sanjeev are committed to disagreeing about which one of the following?

31. Two crucial claims of relativity theory can be directly confirmed. Utilizing elementary particles in high energy accelerators, we can demonstrate that at high velocities objects are subject to time dilation and an increase in mass. However, a third claim of the theory, the Lorentz contraction thesis, which is connected to the other two, is not directly confirmable. But the fact that the theory in general is supported by experimental results indirectly confirms the contraction thesis.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the principle underlying the reasoning above?

32. Exposure to a large dose of something that causes bodily damage—such as excessive heat, poison, or nuclear radiation—is of course harmful to an organism. But, surprisingly, exposure to small doses of such stressors has been shown to extend life span in various species, including fruit flies, protozoans, worms,
and rodents.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising phenomenon described above?

33.  Most people prefer to hire people they know. Thus it is difficult for people without business contacts to find good jobs. The only way to help such people find jobs is through nonfinancial incentives to change employers’ behavior.
Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that most people prefer to hire people they know?

34. An energy company proposes placing 250 giant turbines into the Gulf Stream to generate electricity for North America. Some Europeans worry, however, about the potential threat to their climate. Without the warming effects of the Gulf Stream, much of Europe would be as cold as Labrador and the Yukon, areas at the same latitude that are unaffected by warming currents. However, their concern is unwarranted: the company claims that 250 turbines would slow the Gulf Stream about 1 percent, which is not enough to affect the European climate.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument?

35. Like airplane accidents, most accidents in medical care result from human error, particularly failures in  communication, leadership, and decision making. Following the introduction of standard procedures governing these three areas, the airline industry succeeded in significantly reducing the number and severity of accidents. Since airplane flights and health care delivery both require the cooperation of groups of people with diverse knowledge and skills, the medical care community should adopt a similar set of procedures in order to reduce errors.
Which one of the following is a technique of reasoning used in the argument?

36. In a certain democratic country the legislature passed a new tax law over the principled objections of the parliamentary opposition. Some opposition leaders broke the new law by refusing to pay the new tax. They defended their lawbreaking by citing the historical precedent in the country of activists’ having to break laws in winning for women the right to vote.
Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the opposition leaders’ argument in defense of their actions?

37. Small species, such as fathead minnows and waterfleas, can be used to uncover the quantity of toxic chemicals being dumped into rivers and streams. Under new rules issued in a certain country, these “indicator” species will be used to test the effluent pouring out of sewage treatment plants and factories among the country’s waterways. If many of these animals die as a result of the test, the country is going to require that pollution levels be reduced. The new rules will apply to about 450 of the 2,000 factories and sewage treatment plants that legally discharge into the country’s rivers and streams.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

38. Aesthetician: Zahib’s rejection of contemporary literature’s aesthetic value depends on his claim that today’s writing generally fails to grapple seriously enough with life’s deepest ethical questions—whereas great books, he maintains, present profound moral lessons and “the stuff of conscience.” But what resounding moral lesson does Vikram Seth’s A Suitable Boy or Devaki Nandan Khatri’s Chandrakanta impart? People read these two great novels because they are engaging, even thrilling, stories. The absence of a profound moral lesson in no way detracts from the aesthetic value of a novel. The aesthetician criticizes Zahib’s position by arguing that it depends on the questionable premise that

39. Paternalism is the practice by some governments of imposing regulations meant to promote their citizens’ own good regardless of whether the citizens consent to those regulations. However, many members of free societies disapprove when individual freedom is curtailed for the sake of what the government deems to be the citizens’ own good. They generally believe that they, not the government, know what activities are in their best interest.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?

40. Historian: Concern with achievement and power surged dramatically in the latter part of the eighteenth century, which is around the time that the Industrial Revolution began in Europe. So, it is clear that this surge in concern with achievement and power was a result of the Industrial Revolution.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because?

41. Many famous painters employ preliminary sketches before embarking on the final version of their work. Yet frequently these preliminary sketches are beautiful and accomplished works of art in their own right. Museums with small budgets will display these preliminary works instead of what the artists consider to be their finished works of art. Which one of the following propositions is best illustrated by the situation described above?

42. In a recent experiment, half the subjects were expert chess players; the other half had never played. First, the subjects were shown chessboards at various stages of actual games for ten seconds. Each expert was able to recall the positions of the pieces at least twice as well as any nonplayer. Second, the subjects were shown chessboards with the pieces randomly arranged, again for ten seconds. In this case the experts recalled the positions only marginally better, on average, than did the nonplayers.
Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the results of the experiment?

43. Professor: Different countries have different economic systems, but all economic systems have prosperity as their primary goal. Because people all want the same thing, there cannot be radical disagreement among people from different economic systems about practical economic matters. Thus all apparent disagreement in practical economic issues is illusory.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning error in the professor’s argument?

44. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

45. According to the passage, one way in which urban civilizations coordinate the behavior of large numbers of people more powerfully than primary communities can is through

46. . By “imagined time” (line 16) the author most likely means

47. All of the following meet the author’s standard for identifying major landmarks of human history EXCEPT

48. Each of the following is mentioned in the passage as something that the use of language does EXCEPT:

49. The passage suggests that all of the following are elements of civilization EXCEPT:

50. By the term “primary communities” (line 36) the author probably means

51. Each passage provides information sufficient to answer which one of the following questions?

52. Passage A, but not passage B, argues that

53. Which one of the following most accurately describes how passage B relates to the statement in passage A that the daguerreotype demands its own way of being seen and appreciated?

54. Which one of the following pairs of lectures is most analogous to passage A and passage B in terms of how these two passages stand in relation to each other?

55. It can be inferred that the authors of both passages believe which one of the following?

A commission appointed by the government of the Canadian province of Ontario offered recommendations to assist judges and lawyers in recognizing language or actions that may cause some participants to feel excluded and therefore disenfranchised during court proceedings. One area of focus was the use of courtroom interpreters for people who are not fluent speakers of English or French. Although the Supreme Court of Canada had given explicit direction in 1994 concerning an accused person’s right to interpreter assistance, many participants in the Canadian legal system still had concerns about the use of interpreters. In response to these concerns, the commission emphasized that all  those involved in proceedings must understand the role of the interpreter. With this objective in mind, the commission stressed that all parties involved in legal proceedings must be made aware of the nature of interpretation. In order for judges and lawyers to make effective use of an interpreter in the courtroom, they must understand when an interpreter is necessary, appreciate the time required for interpretation, and develop an awareness of the nature of culturally informed interpretation as contrasted with mere literal interpretation. For example, uninformed judges and lawyers often expect interpreters to translate what is said word for word. In practice,however, this type of translation frequently fails to convey culturally specific meaning accurately and effectively, and is sometimes simply impossible because each language is structurally unique. One interpreter interviewed by the commission explained that while one language may use a word or short phrase to express a particular idea, others have no similarly concise equivalent, requiring the interpreter to use long descriptions of ideas in one language that can be expressed briefly in another. Many interpreters find that in the courtroom, uninformed judges and lawyers may suspect an interpreter of embellishing if the interpreter takes a long time to explain a point. Canadian law insists on impartiality in interpretation services. Parties to proceedings, relatives and friends of such parties, or persons otherwise close to the events giving rise to an accusation are ordinarily viewed as inappropriate interpreters in criminal proceedings. However, because some linguistic-minority communities, such as aboriginal communities, are small, in practice, court participants often know the court interpreter. In many cases, prior acquaintance does not matter and may be unavoidable. But to ensure fair proceedings, a defendant, victim, or other witness must fully understand the interpreter’s role and be able to object to an interpreter whom he or she does not trust to be impartial. To these ends, the commission recommended that judges make clear in open court that the interpreter is a neutral professional, employed by the court to translate what is being said; that a defendant or any witness may object to a potentially biased interpreter; and that a defendant or an interpreter may request clarification at any time.
56. Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

57. According to the passage, the inadequacy of word-for-word translations in legal proceedings involving interpreters

58. By “inappropriate interpreters” (lines 46–47) the author most likely is referring to interpreter

59. With which one of the following statements concerningn impartiality in interpretation services would the author be most likely to agree?

60. According to the passage, the situation in which a courtroom interpreter is acquainted with other participants in courtroom proceedings

61. The author mentions the fact that ideas expressed concisely in one language may take much longer to express in another language (lines 32–38) primarily in order to

62. The passage most strongly suggests which one of the following about the role of courtroom interpreters?

For biologists, the term “eye” describes any lightsensitive organ consisting of more than one cell. Although most animals have eyes, eye structures vary widely. The compound eyes of insects and other arthropods, for example, have an architecture strikingly different from the single-lens eyes of vertebrates and mollusks. Until recently, most biologists believed that all the different kinds of eyes evolved independently from as many as forty ancestral prototypes, and not from a single ancestral prototype eye.
Traditional means of tracking the evolutionary development of eyes included examinations of internal eye structures, which tended to support the multiple origin theory despite some anomalies such as the resemblance between mammals’ eyes and the eyes of the nautilus mollusk—animals that are not closely
related. Proponents of the multiple origin theory dismissed such examples as textbook cases of evolutionary convergence: the idea that even strikingly different prototype eyes could evolve into
kinds of eyes remarkably similar to each other. In support of their theory, these biologists point to
the fact that different species inhabiting the same environment frequently have very different eye
structures from one another. This lack of correlation between eye structures and physical environments has
provided what is perhaps the strongest support for the multiple origin theory. Adherents of the theory argue  that if eyes originated from a single ancestral prototype, then there should be similarity in the
patterns of eye evolution in species that evolved under the same environmental conditions. The inability of
biologists to identify such evolutionary patterns is  arguably the primary reason for this theory’s
widespread acceptance. In 1993, however, a crucial link was discovered:
a control gene that activates the many genes needed for complete eye formation in fruit flies. Analogues to this gene have since been identified in many organisms, including earthworms, mice, and humans,
and are expected to exist in all eye-bearing organisms. Researchers discovered that inserting the control gene
present in mice into fruit flies results in the formation of functional fruit fly eyes. This suggests that the
control genes in mice and in fruit flies are interchangeable and hence evolved from a single,
common ancestral gene. The same may be true of all of these control genes, which would argue convincingly against the multiple origin theory and call for a reevaluation of the evidence that seemed to
support the theory. For example, the lack of correlation between eye structures and physical
environments may have resulted from the advantage  bestowed by eyes. The survival value of sight is
perhaps so great that even variations in eyes that might be less than optimal for some individuals in a
particular environment are sufficiently advantageous that they allow the individuals to survive and propagate the variation, thus facilitating the proliferation of variations in eyes even in the absence
of an environmental difference.
63. The author mentions that biologists accepted which one of the following as evidence for the theory that eyes evolved from multiple origins?

64. The primary purpose of the passage is to

65. According to the author, control genes have been found that

66. Proponents of the multiple origin theory would likely regard the relationship between the development of human eyes and the development of the eyes of the nautilus mollusk as most analogous to which one of the following?

67. Journalist: Many people working on difficult problems in mathematics report going to sleep without a solution, but upon awaking discover they have a solution in mind. This phenomenon occurs among all age groups past infancy. Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the journalist’s statements?

68. Over the past few decades dozens of people have claimed to have sighted the Yeti in the Himalayas. This provides strong evidence that the creature exists. The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument fails to.

69. Migraines are caused by changes in certain blood vessels of the brain that result in a local disturbance in the action of a specific nerve-activating chemical. Two migraine remedies, drug K and drug L, have exactly the same restorative effects on the local action of this chemical, but L also disrupts the action of several other chemicals in the brain that govern mental activity and the body’s metabolism. The information above most strongly supports which one of the following hypotheses?

70. Advertisement: The new Reflex computer represents a conceptual advance. Unlike traditional computers, the Reflex has a built-in monitoring function that continuously checks all other computer operations  and lets you know if they are malfunctioning in any way, thus preventing the loss of data. With the Reflex, therefore, you’ll never lose data again! Which one of the following is an assumption on which the advertisement’s argument depends?

71. Editorialist: Research reveals that patients of hospital cardiac units in which doctors perform many aggressive, high-tech procedures are less likely to be alive a month after leaving the hospital than are patients of hospital cardiac units that rely almost exclusively on standard treatments. This indicates that aggressive, high-tech treatments of cardiac disease are less effective than standard  treatments. Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the editorialist’s argument?

72. Economist: When people save their money instead of spending it, that money is not being used to make the purchases of goods and services that help businesses remain profitable. Because these purchases are needed to generate tax revenues that can be used for government-funded scientific research, it is clear that industrial growth, which relies on the application of this governmentfunded research, will falter if the global political climate begins to make people anxious or cautious. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the economist’s argument?

73. Until recently, endosulfan was one of the most widely used pesticides. Some others—toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordane—were banned or restricted in many countries in the 1980s but linger in the environment. All four have a weak effect individually in increasing estrogen levels in women. Scientists have found, however, that their potential to cause health hazards increases dramatically when the chemicals are combined. For example, a mixture of endosulfan and dieldrin had 160 to 1,600 times more estrogen-boosting potency than either chemical did individually. Increased estrogen is associated with an increased cancer risk in women. Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?

74. Columnist: In a recent article an economist argues that corporations have no responsibility to society beyond obeying the law and maximizing profit for shareholders. But in a different article the same economist endorses the view that corporations ought to make financial contributions to social programs in the communities in which they are located. Thus the economist is caught in a contradiction. The columnist’s argument is questionable because it fails to rule out the possibility that:

75. While conditions on Mars are no longer favorable for the evolution of life, scientists point out that in many ways Mars resembles portions of Antarctica, which do manage to support colonies of microbes. But these organisms require liquid water, as do all forms of life. And if there is liquid water on Mars at all, it is only seasonal and in small amounts. The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?

76. Politician: The cohesion of a society depends on its members’ accepting a set of basic principles. When these principles are routinely called into question, the society begins to erode. Any society, therefore, that allows schools to present the society’s set of basic principles as simply one of several alternatives, with the suggestion that students may choose which to accept on the basis of the principles’ worth, is inviting its own
demise. Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthen the politician’s argument?

77. Economist: In general, several apprentices working together produce about the same amount in an hour as a single more highly trained worker. Hence the more highly trained worker canusually command several times the hourly wage of an apprentice. Thus if the apprentice wage is increased, the hourly wages of more highly trained workers will generally rise by a proportionate amount. Therefore the reason that more highly trained workers favor an increased apprentice wage is that it would increase their own wages. The economist’s reasoning is flawed because the economist takes for granted that:

78. Oxygenated petrol, although it reduces pollution, causes frequent stalling in poorly maintained automobiles. However, in laboratory tests of automobiles that had been driven 100,000 kilometers, those that had regularly used oxygenated petrol stalled less than those that had regularly used nonoxygenated petrol. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the results of the laboratory tests described above?

79. It has been hypothesized that dinosaurs became extinct simply because they grew too large and slow to function effectively as predators, but this cannot be right. If that hypothesis were correct, then small dinosaurs would have survived even though their large counterparts died off. But it is an undisputed fact that all dinosaurs—even very small ones—became extinct. The argument above proceeds by

80. If, when the twenty-third century arrives, the history of the Mughal Empire is better known than that of our time, it will be because of our enthusiasm for electronically stored digital files. The contents of most digital media vanish long before words written on highquality paper would, and they become obsolete and unusable even sooner due to rapid technological innovation. While information written on paper can be read directly, access to digital information is doubly indirect: the sequence of digits representing the information must be retrieved, and then that sequence must be decoded by the appropriate software. Which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?

81. Patel: It is often thought that direct experience, unlike language and culture, can always serve as common ground for communication among human beings. But people from different cultures inhabit different sensory worlds. Because selective screening of sensory data admits some perceptions while filtering out others, one person’s experience, perceived through one set of culturally patterned sensory screens, is quite different from what anyone from another culture would experience when encountering the same sensory data. Which one of the following is an assumption required by Patel’s argument?

82. If the country’s income taxes are decreased, the country’s economy will not be strengthened, because many of the country’s public employees would become unemployed,thereby further weakening the country’s economy. The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments?

83. Historian: The only evidence we have for claims about the past exists in the present. How things actually occurred is beyond our knowledge. Historians construct coherent stories that explain the available evidence and why the present is as it is. Such stories about the past, however, do not need to be true to be good history; they need only explain the evidence about the past and what we know about the present better than do rival accounts. Which one of the following judgments conforms most closely to the historian’s position?

84. University administrator: Saying that writing cannot be taught is as silly as saying that playing the violin cannot be taught. Of course writing can be taught. Writing classes have been taught at this university ever since it was founded. The reasoning in the university administrator’s argument is flawed in that the argument

85. Any ornamental garden has both plants and structural elements such as rocks and fences. Because the plants constantly change with growth and decay, it is difficult to keep a proper balance in the garden between the plants and the structures. Balance can be achieved only with careful planning, and even when established, balance has to be constantly maintained by pruning and thinning.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?

86. A dog who is emotionally indifferent and not securely attached to its human companion neither whimpers when the human leaves the room nor looks up to acknowledge the human’s return. Some dogs do not whimper when their human companions leave them at kennels. These dogs, therefore, are emotionally indifferent and not securely attached to their human companions. The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?

87. Old rose varieties have less vibrant colors than modern rose varieties, but are superior in fragrance. This
situation has arisen because the modern rose varieties were developed to meet customer demand and
marketed mainly through catalogs: colors, but not fragrances, can be photographed.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the support for the causal claim made above?

88. Analyst: The increasing complexity of computers may lead those who pursue a career in computer
programming to think that job security and higher wages can be attained by becoming more specialized as the field becomes more complex. Even though specialists earn higher wages than generalists within computer programming, this move is ill-advised because one risks specializing in a technology that will become obsolete. Consider the plight of people who used to repair eight-track tape players. Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the analyst’s argument?

89. Any great ape can learn to recognize its reflection in a mirror. Any animal that recognizes its reflection in a mirror has a sense of self. An animal has a sense of the minds of others only if it possesses a sense of self.
Which one of the following follows logically from the information above?

90. Incumbent politicians tend to win elections in times of economic prosperity and lose during recessions.
Knowing this, incumbents have an incentive to boost the economy temporarily by cutting taxes and raising
government spending several months before an election. Thus, in democratic nations, upcoming
elections may be a major cause of short-term economic expansions.
Each of the following, if true, strengthens the argument EXCEPT: