MAT-1

TSTHNAIE

NIETEMARG

TENALSGERI

For decades, the Government has grappled with India's health care shortcomings

by introducing various programmes. Despite some measure of success, the problem of universal health care access continues to fester like a recalcitrant sore. While there are several reasons for the lack of complete success in improving health care access, the overall problem may lie in the pursuit of improper priorities. To address access issued headon, radically improving primary health care in India should be top priority. A steep shortage in primary health care centres (PHCs) across India is the

prime reason why villagers are forced to trek almost 20 km to reach the nearest PHC. This may still be of little use, because most PHCs are perpetually plagued by a supply and staff shortage, making matters worse for sick patients who expend time, energy and resources to reach the PHC. For people from towns and semi-urban areas seeking modern medical care the situation is no different since they need to travel to the nearest city. Despite 7,50,000 doctors registered with the Medical Council of India,

the ground reality is that about 2,00,000 aren't active anymore. This means India has only one doctor to treat 2,000 people, instead of one doctor for every 1,000. Improving those figures will take time because the number of medical and nursing colleges cannot be hiked overnight to boost the output of medical graduates. The time has come to firmly recognise that health and health care issues cannot be left solely to the Government or public sector entities if India is to meet its health care targets including Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Such immense investments and specialised skills could best be tapped if public-private partnerships were promoted and

Private companies encouraged to establish health care infrastructure in all geographies

- urban, semi-urban and rural - particularly where primary health care is concerned. Estimated indicate that only 320 million people or 26 percent of India's population are covered under some form of medical insurance - public or private. In other words,

large uncovered sections of the populace are forced to meet medical costs via out-ofpocket

spends, causing immense financial burden and pushing many families into poverty.

1. Total government apathy in this area.
2. Policy makers' inability to properly priorities the measures required.
3. Shortage of PHCs across the country.

For decades, the Government has grappled with India's health care shortcomings

by introducing various programmes. Despite some measure of success, the problem of universal health care access continues to fester like a recalcitrant sore. While there are several reasons for the lack of complete success in improving health care access, the overall problem may lie in the pursuit of improper priorities. To address access issued headon, radically improving primary health care in India should be top priority. A steep shortage in primary health care centres (PHCs) across India is the

prime reason why villagers are forced to trek almost 20 km to reach the nearest PHC. This may still be of little use, because most PHCs are perpetually plagued by a supply and staff shortage, making matters worse for sick patients who expend time, energy and resources to reach the PHC. For people from towns and semi-urban areas seeking modern medical care the situation is no different since they need to travel to the nearest city. Despite 7,50,000 doctors registered with the Medical Council of India,

the ground reality is that about 2,00,000 aren't active anymore. This means India has only one doctor to treat 2,000 people, instead of one doctor for every 1,000. Improving those figures will take time because the number of medical and nursing colleges cannot be hiked overnight to boost the output of medical graduates. The time has come to firmly recognise that health and health care issues cannot be left solely to the Government or public sector entities if India is to meet its health care targets including Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Such immense investments and specialised skills could best be tapped if public-private partnerships were promoted and

Private companies encouraged to establish health care infrastructure in all geographies

- urban, semi-urban and rural - particularly where primary health care is concerned. Estimated indicate that only 320 million people or 26 percent of India's population are covered under some form of medical insurance - public or private. In other words,

large uncovered sections of the populace are forced to meet medical costs via out-ofpocket

spends, causing immense financial burden and pushing many families into poverty.

For decades, the Government has grappled with India's health care shortcomings

by introducing various programmes. Despite some measure of success, the problem of universal health care access continues to fester like a recalcitrant sore. While there are several reasons for the lack of complete success in improving health care access, the overall problem may lie in the pursuit of improper priorities. To address access issued headon, radically improving primary health care in India should be top priority. A steep shortage in primary health care centres (PHCs) across India is the

prime reason why villagers are forced to trek almost 20 km to reach the nearest PHC. This may still be of little use, because most PHCs are perpetually plagued by a supply and staff shortage, making matters worse for sick patients who expend time, energy and resources to reach the PHC. For people from towns and semi-urban areas seeking modern medical care the situation is no different since they need to travel to the nearest city. Despite 7,50,000 doctors registered with the Medical Council of India,

the ground reality is that about 2,00,000 aren't active anymore. This means India has only one doctor to treat 2,000 people, instead of one doctor for every 1,000. Improving those figures will take time because the number of medical and nursing colleges cannot be hiked overnight to boost the output of medical graduates. The time has come to firmly recognise that health and health care issues cannot be left solely to the Government or public sector entities if India is to meet its health care targets including Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Such immense investments and specialised skills could best be tapped if public-private partnerships were promoted and

Private companies encouraged to establish health care infrastructure in all geographies

- urban, semi-urban and rural - particularly where primary health care is concerned. Estimated indicate that only 320 million people or 26 percent of India's population are covered under some form of medical insurance - public or private. In other words,

large uncovered sections of the populace are forced to meet medical costs via out-ofpocket

spends, causing immense financial burden and pushing many families into poverty.

For decades, the Government has grappled with India's health care shortcomings

by introducing various programmes. Despite some measure of success, the problem of universal health care access continues to fester like a recalcitrant sore. While there are several reasons for the lack of complete success in improving health care access, the overall problem may lie in the pursuit of improper priorities. To address access issued headon, radically improving primary health care in India should be top priority. A steep shortage in primary health care centres (PHCs) across India is the

prime reason why villagers are forced to trek almost 20 km to reach the nearest PHC. This may still be of little use, because most PHCs are perpetually plagued by a supply and staff shortage, making matters worse for sick patients who expend time, energy and resources to reach the PHC. For people from towns and semi-urban areas seeking modern medical care the situation is no different since they need to travel to the nearest city. Despite 7,50,000 doctors registered with the Medical Council of India,

the ground reality is that about 2,00,000 aren't active anymore. This means India has only one doctor to treat 2,000 people, instead of one doctor for every 1,000. Improving those figures will take time because the number of medical and nursing colleges cannot be hiked overnight to boost the output of medical graduates. The time has come to firmly recognise that health and health care issues cannot be left solely to the Government or public sector entities if India is to meet its health care targets including Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Such immense investments and specialised skills could best be tapped if public-private partnerships were promoted and

Private companies encouraged to establish health care infrastructure in all geographies

- urban, semi-urban and rural - particularly where primary health care is concerned. Estimated indicate that only 320 million people or 26 percent of India's population are covered under some form of medical insurance - public or private. In other words,

large uncovered sections of the populace are forced to meet medical costs via out-ofpocket

spends, causing immense financial burden and pushing many families into poverty.

1. The Government has failed to correctly assess the requirement of medical colleges in India.
2. Over 25% of the doctors who register with the Medical Council of India never get into the medical profession.
3. Private participation in the primary health sector is a must to ensure its success we go forward towards Millennium Development Goals for 2015.

With will and vision, India's energy prospects can be changed from grim to

green, and the world will benefit as a result, At 571 kWh per capita, India's electricity consumption is one-fifth of China's (2,631 kWh) and less than one - twentieth of

the USA's (12,914 kWh). India's electricity demand will only grow. Solar electricity today at Rs.7.50 a kWh is economical compared with subsidised diesel generated power at roughly Rs.15 a unit, but more expensive than coal - based electricity at about Rs.6 And, in any case, India has ash - rich coal. What is the true cost of

coal - based power? Prices are distorted by subsidies, State boundaries, vote - bank politics, and uncharged carbon - emission costs. Can India leapfrog into a clean - energy future rather than extend the conventional grid with fossil fuels at its core? In a

nation blessed with abundant sunlight, to what extent should electricity be a networking service at all? Could India tap ambient solar energy for most of its needs? India's

single - minded focus should be massive and rapid solar deployment, not only through utility - scale solar plants, but also through distributed generation, household - by - household, nationwide. Electricity in Indian homes should be roof top - to - room and solar based with energy self - sufficiency as the goal; the grid can complement and serve as back - up where available. Anchored with solar, the solutions may include combinations with bio - diesel, batteries, wind, biogas, micro - hydro, etc. At night or when the sun is behind clouds, alternative yet local sources can assure electricity.

Once solar energy takes root, India will need less of the colossal and wasteful transmission, distribution and generation infrastructure except for industrial operations

such as running factories and trains.

1. India has abundant sunlight.
2. India's electricity consumption is less than China's or the USA's?
3. India has ash - rich coal

With will and vision, India's energy prospects can be changed from grim to

green, and the world will benefit as a result, At 571 kWh per capita, India's electricity consumption is one-fifth of China's (2,631 kWh) and less than one - twentieth of

the USA's (12,914 kWh). India's electricity demand will only grow. Solar electricity today at Rs.7.50 a kWh is economical compared with subsidised diesel generated power at roughly Rs.15 a unit, but more expensive than coal - based electricity at about Rs.6 And, in any case, India has ash - rich coal. What is the true cost of

coal - based power? Prices are distorted by subsidies, State boundaries, vote - bank politics, and uncharged carbon - emission costs. Can India leapfrog into a clean - energy future rather than extend the conventional grid with fossil fuels at its core? In a

nation blessed with abundant sunlight, to what extent should electricity be a networking service at all? Could India tap ambient solar energy for most of its needs? India's

single - minded focus should be massive and rapid solar deployment, not only through utility - scale solar plants, but also through distributed generation, household - by - household, nationwide. Electricity in Indian homes should be roof top - to - room and solar based with energy self - sufficiency as the goal; the grid can complement and serve as back - up where available. Anchored with solar, the solutions may include combinations with bio - diesel, batteries, wind, biogas, micro - hydro, etc. At night or when the sun is behind clouds, alternative yet local sources can assure electricity.

Once solar energy takes root, India will need less of the colossal and wasteful transmission, distribution and generation infrastructure except for industrial operations

such as running factories and trains.

With will and vision, India's energy prospects can be changed from grim to

green, and the world will benefit as a result, At 571 kWh per capita, India's electricity consumption is one-fifth of China's (2,631 kWh) and less than one - twentieth of

the USA's (12,914 kWh). India's electricity demand will only grow. Solar electricity today at Rs.7.50 a kWh is economical compared with subsidised diesel generated power at roughly Rs.15 a unit, but more expensive than coal - based electricity at about Rs.6 And, in any case, India has ash - rich coal. What is the true cost of

coal - based power? Prices are distorted by subsidies, State boundaries, vote - bank politics, and uncharged carbon - emission costs. Can India leapfrog into a clean - energy future rather than extend the conventional grid with fossil fuels at its core? In a

nation blessed with abundant sunlight, to what extent should electricity be a networking service at all? Could India tap ambient solar energy for most of its needs? India's

single - minded focus should be massive and rapid solar deployment, not only through utility - scale solar plants, but also through distributed generation, household - by - household, nationwide. Electricity in Indian homes should be roof top - to - room and solar based with energy self - sufficiency as the goal; the grid can complement and serve as back - up where available. Anchored with solar, the solutions may include combinations with bio - diesel, batteries, wind, biogas, micro - hydro, etc. At night or when the sun is behind clouds, alternative yet local sources can assure electricity.

Once solar energy takes root, India will need less of the colossal and wasteful transmission, distribution and generation infrastructure except for industrial operations

such as running factories and trains.

1. India should switch over completely to solar power by installing solar power kits in every household.
2. by installing solar panels on every roof top, India could make power grids redundant.
3. per capita energy consumption in China is higher than that in India

With will and vision, India's energy prospects can be changed from grim to

green, and the world will benefit as a result, At 571 kWh per capita, India's electricity consumption is one-fifth of China's (2,631 kWh) and less than one - twentieth of

the USA's (12,914 kWh). India's electricity demand will only grow. Solar electricity today at Rs.7.50 a kWh is economical compared with subsidised diesel generated power at roughly Rs.15 a unit, but more expensive than coal - based electricity at about Rs.6 And, in any case, India has ash - rich coal. What is the true cost of

coal - based power? Prices are distorted by subsidies, State boundaries, vote - bank politics, and uncharged carbon - emission costs. Can India leapfrog into a clean - energy future rather than extend the conventional grid with fossil fuels at its core? In a

nation blessed with abundant sunlight, to what extent should electricity be a networking service at all? Could India tap ambient solar energy for most of its needs? India's

single - minded focus should be massive and rapid solar deployment, not only through utility - scale solar plants, but also through distributed generation, household - by - household, nationwide. Electricity in Indian homes should be roof top - to - room and solar based with energy self - sufficiency as the goal; the grid can complement and serve as back - up where available. Anchored with solar, the solutions may include combinations with bio - diesel, batteries, wind, biogas, micro - hydro, etc. At night or when the sun is behind clouds, alternative yet local sources can assure electricity.

Once solar energy takes root, India will need less of the colossal and wasteful transmission, distribution and generation infrastructure except for industrial operations

such as running factories and trains.

The change in the Government's focus, from coveting the cash balances of

public sector undertaking (PSUs) to examining how these can be put to better use by them, is a welcome development. In the current investment - starved environment, there is certainly a strong macro - economic imperative for inducing PSUs to deploy funds in capex programmes. But, from a shareholder's perspective- and that applies to the Government as well - it is also important that funds in excess of their immediate investment needs, estimated at over Rs. 1 lakh crore, earn a reasonable return. This is made difficult by rigid and archaic investment norms. So, it is a double whammy,

wherein idle money of state - owned firms neither gets invested in projects nor generates sufficient portfolio returns. The current guidelines on deployment of surplus

cash by PSUs decree that 60 percent of these should be parked with public sector banks. The 'public sector' mutual funds requirement is outdated, when many of them promoted by the likes of UTI, SBI and LIC have roped in foreign partners, making these ventures little different from pure private sector fund houses. Now that the investment guidelines are to be reviewed by a Government committee, it may be best for the Government to just stipulate general prudential norms to be followed by PSUs. These norms could emphasise safety liquidity of investments, their diversification across asset classes and securities, and provisions against taking speculative bets, that expose shareholder funds to capital loss risks.

The change in the Government's focus, from coveting the cash balances of

public sector undertaking (PSUs) to examining how these can be put to better use by them, is a welcome development. In the current investment - starved environment, there is certainly a strong macro - economic imperative for inducing PSUs to deploy funds in capex programmes. But, from a shareholder's perspective- and that applies to the Government as well - it is also important that funds in excess of their immediate investment needs, estimated at over Rs. 1 lakh crore, earn a reasonable return. This is made difficult by rigid and archaic investment norms. So, it is a double whammy,

wherein idle money of state - owned firms neither gets invested in projects nor generates sufficient portfolio returns. The current guidelines on deployment of surplus

cash by PSUs decree that 60 percent of these should be parked with public sector banks. The 'public sector' mutual funds requirement is outdated, when many of them promoted by the likes of UTI, SBI and LIC have roped in foreign partners, making these ventures little different from pure private sector fund houses. Now that the investment guidelines are to be reviewed by a Government committee, it may be best for the Government to just stipulate general prudential norms to be followed by PSUs. These norms could emphasise safety liquidity of investments, their diversification across asset classes and securities, and provisions against taking speculative bets, that expose shareholder funds to capital loss risks.

The change in the Government's focus, from coveting the cash balances of

public sector undertaking (PSUs) to examining how these can be put to better use by them, is a welcome development. In the current investment - starved environment, there is certainly a strong macro - economic imperative for inducing PSUs to deploy funds in capex programmes. But, from a shareholder's perspective- and that applies to the Government as well - it is also important that funds in excess of their immediate investment needs, estimated at over Rs. 1 lakh crore, earn a reasonable return. This is made difficult by rigid and archaic investment norms. So, it is a double whammy,

wherein idle money of state - owned firms neither gets invested in projects nor generates sufficient portfolio returns. The current guidelines on deployment of surplus

cash by PSUs decree that 60 percent of these should be parked with public sector banks. The 'public sector' mutual funds requirement is outdated, when many of them promoted by the likes of UTI, SBI and LIC have roped in foreign partners, making these ventures little different from pure private sector fund houses. Now that the investment guidelines are to be reviewed by a Government committee, it may be best for the Government to just stipulate general prudential norms to be followed by PSUs. These norms could emphasise safety liquidity of investments, their diversification across asset classes and securities, and provisions against taking speculative bets, that expose shareholder funds to capital loss risks.

1. had hitherto been unjustly siphoning off the surplus funds of PSUs.
2. is bereft of ideas when it comes to deciding where to park the surplus funds of PSUs
3. had always favoured channelising the surplus funds of PSUs into public sector

The change in the Government's focus, from coveting the cash balances of

public sector undertaking (PSUs) to examining how these can be put to better use by them, is a welcome development. In the current investment - starved environment, there is certainly a strong macro - economic imperative for inducing PSUs to deploy funds in capex programmes. But, from a shareholder's perspective- and that applies to the Government as well - it is also important that funds in excess of their immediate investment needs, estimated at over Rs. 1 lakh crore, earn a reasonable return. This is made difficult by rigid and archaic investment norms. So, it is a double whammy,

wherein idle money of state - owned firms neither gets invested in projects nor generates sufficient portfolio returns. The current guidelines on deployment of surplus

cash by PSUs decree that 60 percent of these should be parked with public sector banks. The 'public sector' mutual funds requirement is outdated, when many of them promoted by the likes of UTI, SBI and LIC have roped in foreign partners, making these ventures little different from pure private sector fund houses. Now that the investment guidelines are to be reviewed by a Government committee, it may be best for the Government to just stipulate general prudential norms to be followed by PSUs. These norms could emphasise safety liquidity of investments, their diversification across asset classes and securities, and provisions against taking speculative bets, that expose shareholder funds to capital loss risks.

The first requirement to ensure nuclear safety is technical expertise which

India has. No questions have been raised so far about the expertise in Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). The first reactors were imported. Soon after commissioning

the original suppliers left leaving us to fend for ourselves. The reactors have been running for decades without any serious environmental issues. More reactors have since

been built indigenously with enhanced safety features, and increased power rating. Continuous monitoring of these shows negligible environmental impact compared to that arising from natural background radiation. All of this as possible because of the expertise available in DAE institutions. In the early years, there was self-regulation of safety. It had to be so because there was no other group working in this field. It worked very well. As the programme expanded, a full-time regulatory body was needed and,  so, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) came into being. Continuing

absence of education and research a nuclear technology in academic institutions meant the AERB had to be staffed with experts transferred to it from DAE units. AERB also

had to rely on expertise in DAE for various kinds of analyses. This was facilitated by the AERB being under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Information that ought to have been disseminated in the first place was not available to the public. This has

naturally tended to imputed motives on attitude of AERB and DAE to safety. An independent regulator is being demanded as the answer. Steps have to be initiated in the

direction now. Meanwhile, reliance on expertise in DAE institutions is inevitable. If total independence now is impractical and expertise outside DAE is unavailable, only total transparency on the part of AERB and DAE can redeem the situation. This had not yet come about. If a larger contribution from nuclear energy is required, more effort is needed to effectively answer public questions on plant safety and to dispel

needless fear of radiation. A brand new independent agency to be set up now to regulate nuclear safety may please some people, but would find it difficult to cope with the demands of an expanding programme with new designs.

The first requirement to ensure nuclear safety is technical expertise which

India has. No questions have been raised so far about the expertise in Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). The first reactors were imported. Soon after commissioning

the original suppliers left leaving us to fend for ourselves. The reactors have been running for decades without any serious environmental issues. More reactors have since

been built indigenously with enhanced safety features, and increased power rating. Continuous monitoring of these shows negligible environmental impact compared to that arising from natural background radiation. All of this as possible because of the expertise available in DAE institutions. In the early years, there was self-regulation of safety. It had to be so because there was no other group working in this field. It worked very well. As the programme expanded, a full-time regulatory body was needed and,  so, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) came into being. Continuing

absence of education and research a nuclear technology in academic institutions meant the AERB had to be staffed with experts transferred to it from DAE units. AERB also

had to rely on expertise in DAE for various kinds of analyses. This was facilitated by the AERB being under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Information that ought to have been disseminated in the first place was not available to the public. This has

naturally tended to imputed motives on attitude of AERB and DAE to safety. An independent regulator is being demanded as the answer. Steps have to be initiated in the

direction now. Meanwhile, reliance on expertise in DAE institutions is inevitable. If total independence now is impractical and expertise outside DAE is unavailable, only total transparency on the part of AERB and DAE can redeem the situation. This had not yet come about. If a larger contribution from nuclear energy is required, more effort is needed to effectively answer public questions on plant safety and to dispel

needless fear of radiation. A brand new independent agency to be set up now to regulate nuclear safety may please some people, but would find it difficult to cope with the demands of an expanding programme with new designs.

The first requirement to ensure nuclear safety is technical expertise which

India has. No questions have been raised so far about the expertise in Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). The first reactors were imported. Soon after commissioning

the original suppliers left leaving us to fend for ourselves. The reactors have been running for decades without any serious environmental issues. More reactors have since

been built indigenously with enhanced safety features, and increased power rating. Continuous monitoring of these shows negligible environmental impact compared to that arising from natural background radiation. All of this as possible because of the expertise available in DAE institutions. In the early years, there was self-regulation of safety. It had to be so because there was no other group working in this field. It worked very well. As the programme expanded, a full-time regulatory body was needed and,  so, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) came into being. Continuing

absence of education and research a nuclear technology in academic institutions meant the AERB had to be staffed with experts transferred to it from DAE units. AERB also

had to rely on expertise in DAE for various kinds of analyses. This was facilitated by the AERB being under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Information that ought to have been disseminated in the first place was not available to the public. This has

naturally tended to imputed motives on attitude of AERB and DAE to safety. An independent regulator is being demanded as the answer. Steps have to be initiated in the

direction now. Meanwhile, reliance on expertise in DAE institutions is inevitable. If total independence now is impractical and expertise outside DAE is unavailable, only total transparency on the part of AERB and DAE can redeem the situation. This had not yet come about. If a larger contribution from nuclear energy is required, more effort is needed to effectively answer public questions on plant safety and to dispel

needless fear of radiation. A brand new independent agency to be set up now to regulate nuclear safety may please some people, but would find it difficult to cope with the demands of an expanding programme with new designs.

The first requirement to ensure nuclear safety is technical expertise which

India has. No questions have been raised so far about the expertise in Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). The first reactors were imported. Soon after commissioning

the original suppliers left leaving us to fend for ourselves. The reactors have been running for decades without any serious environmental issues. More reactors have since

been built indigenously with enhanced safety features, and increased power rating. Continuous monitoring of these shows negligible environmental impact compared to that arising from natural background radiation. All of this as possible because of the expertise available in DAE institutions. In the early years, there was self-regulation of safety. It had to be so because there was no other group working in this field. It worked very well. As the programme expanded, a full-time regulatory body was needed and,  so, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) came into being. Continuing

absence of education and research a nuclear technology in academic institutions meant the AERB had to be staffed with experts transferred to it from DAE units. AERB also

had to rely on expertise in DAE for various kinds of analyses. This was facilitated by the AERB being under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Information that ought to have been disseminated in the first place was not available to the public. This has

naturally tended to imputed motives on attitude of AERB and DAE to safety. An independent regulator is being demanded as the answer. Steps have to be initiated in the

direction now. Meanwhile, reliance on expertise in DAE institutions is inevitable. If total independence now is impractical and expertise outside DAE is unavailable, only total transparency on the part of AERB and DAE can redeem the situation. This had not yet come about. If a larger contribution from nuclear energy is required, more effort is needed to effectively answer public questions on plant safety and to dispel

needless fear of radiation. A brand new independent agency to be set up now to regulate nuclear safety may please some people, but would find it difficult to cope with the demands of an expanding programme with new designs.

Apprehensive that pharma companies may stop or reduce production of essential drugs after they come under price control, the Government is mulling steps to ensure that companies maintain present levels of output of these critical drugs.

Sources said the recent decision to put a price cap 348 drugs was accompanied by a concern that the manufactures could lose interest in these medicines owing to reduced margins of profit. It was based on the past experience when the drug price control was first enacted. The Group of Ministers (GoM) that took the landmark decision directed

the Department of Pharmaceutical to ensure that present production levels were maintained after the price control. As a follow-up, sources said, the Government could fix

mandatory level of production in these drugs for each company in business. The fear over companies retaliating with decrease production revolves around the fact the price control would check profit margins. Once the essential medicines are brought under  the Drug Price Control Order, they cannot be sold at a price highter than that fixed by

the Government. A senior official said, "We will ensure that accessibility and availability of essential drugs does not go down". The GoM has also decided that the prices

of medicines, which are part of the price control order of 1995 but not in the National List of Essential Medicines 2011, would be frozen for a year and thereafter a maximum increase of 10% per annum would be permitted. Out of the 348 medicines, the prices of 37 drugs are controlled by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA). The Government, through the NPPA, controls prices of 74 bulk drugs and their formulations.

1. Altogether stopping production of the 348 essential drugs put under price
2. Reducing production of non essential drugs.
3. Strive to get the 348 drugs out of the list of essential drugs.

Apprehensive that pharma companies may stop or reduce production of essential drugs after they come under price control, the Government is mulling steps to ensure that companies maintain present levels of output of these critical drugs.

Sources said the recent decision to put a price cap 348 drugs was accompanied by a concern that the manufactures could lose interest in these medicines owing to reduced margins of profit. It was based on the past experience when the drug price control was first enacted. The Group of Ministers (GoM) that took the landmark decision directed

the Department of Pharmaceutical to ensure that present production levels were maintained after the price control. As a follow-up, sources said, the Government could fix

mandatory level of production in these drugs for each company in business. The fear over companies retaliating with decrease production revolves around the fact the price control would check profit margins. Once the essential medicines are brought under  the Drug Price Control Order, they cannot be sold at a price highter than that fixed by

the Government. A senior official said, "We will ensure that accessibility and availability of essential drugs does not go down". The GoM has also decided that the prices

of medicines, which are part of the price control order of 1995 but not in the National List of Essential Medicines 2011, would be frozen for a year and thereafter a maximum increase of 10% per annum would be permitted. Out of the 348 medicines, the prices of 37 drugs are controlled by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA). The Government, through the NPPA, controls prices of 74 bulk drugs and their formulations.

Apprehensive that pharma companies may stop or reduce production of essential drugs after they come under price control, the Government is mulling steps to ensure that companies maintain present levels of output of these critical drugs.

Sources said the recent decision to put a price cap 348 drugs was accompanied by a concern that the manufactures could lose interest in these medicines owing to reduced margins of profit. It was based on the past experience when the drug price control was first enacted. The Group of Ministers (GoM) that took the landmark decision directed

the Department of Pharmaceutical to ensure that present production levels were maintained after the price control. As a follow-up, sources said, the Government could fix

mandatory level of production in these drugs for each company in business. The fear over companies retaliating with decrease production revolves around the fact the price control would check profit margins. Once the essential medicines are brought under  the Drug Price Control Order, they cannot be sold at a price highter than that fixed by

the Government. A senior official said, "We will ensure that accessibility and availability of essential drugs does not go down". The GoM has also decided that the prices

of medicines, which are part of the price control order of 1995 but not in the National List of Essential Medicines 2011, would be frozen for a year and thereafter a maximum increase of 10% per annum would be permitted. Out of the 348 medicines, the prices of 37 drugs are controlled by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA). The Government, through the NPPA, controls prices of 74 bulk drugs and their formulations.

Apprehensive that pharma companies may stop or reduce production of essential drugs after they come under price control, the Government is mulling steps to ensure that companies maintain present levels of output of these critical drugs.

Sources said the recent decision to put a price cap 348 drugs was accompanied by a concern that the manufactures could lose interest in these medicines owing to reduced margins of profit. It was based on the past experience when the drug price control was first enacted. The Group of Ministers (GoM) that took the landmark decision directed

the Department of Pharmaceutical to ensure that present production levels were maintained after the price control. As a follow-up, sources said, the Government could fix

mandatory level of production in these drugs for each company in business. The fear over companies retaliating with decrease production revolves around the fact the price control would check profit margins. Once the essential medicines are brought under  the Drug Price Control Order, they cannot be sold at a price highter than that fixed by

the Government. A senior official said, "We will ensure that accessibility and availability of essential drugs does not go down". The GoM has also decided that the prices

of medicines, which are part of the price control order of 1995 but not in the National List of Essential Medicines 2011, would be frozen for a year and thereafter a maximum increase of 10% per annum would be permitted. Out of the 348 medicines, the prices of 37 drugs are controlled by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA). The Government, through the NPPA, controls prices of 74 bulk drugs and their formulations.

1. Easy or not, etiquette is important
2. There's a reason for doing things the way we do them -- we just have no idea what it is.
3. I had to interrupt my cell phone call to tell him off.
4. I was trying to explain this the other night to my children -- Matt, 15, and Becky, 11 --- who, I'm ashamed to say, have been allowed to develop less than perfect manners, especially at the table.
5. At this particular family dinner, I caught Matt buttering his backed potato with his finger.

1. "Are you all right?" I asked, as I helped her to her seat. "That turbulence was as bad as it gets."
2. Flying in the summer means one thing: turbulence.
3. I was working as a flight attendant when we hit a patch of very rough air just after a young teenager, obviously on her first flight, had entered the bathroom.
4. After the bumps had subsided, she exited the bathroom, a look of sheer terror etched on her face.
5. "So that's what it was," she said, "I thought I'd pushed the wrong button."

1. But, transportation is difficult and the Pantanal is little known outside of
2. The people who live here have their fingers crossed.
3. Because if ecotourism doesn't work, there is no alternative waiting.
4. There are now some 60-odd tourist facilities here, most of them small and locally owned.
5. Worldwide, the jury is still out on the idea of ecotourism and the Pantanal has become a testing ground.

1. And then suppose you pushed the 'Reverse' button and took a trip in the opposite direction journeying into the dim recesses of the past.
2. Just suppose you could clamber aboard a Time Machine and press the 'Forward' button.
3. You might just land right into your favourite period of history.
4. Zap... would you hurtle forward through a blinding flash of days and nights, months and years-- even long centuries--- perhaps, to land into an alien world of the future....?
5. A world that will be a marvel of technology.

An employee who is given the financial support and resources to create new products or systems is called an intrapreneur. Some of the greatest business leaders of the past made their early mark in business as intrapreneurs. Most progressive organisations view intrapreneurship as a way to develop and retain the best manpower and provide an entrepreneurial atmosphere within the organisation. It also adds to the potential of an otherwise static organisation.

Health these days is being threatened by a growing phenomenon. Bacteria that cause common life threatening infections are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. This is due to the widespread use and misuse of such antibiotics.

Antimicrobial resistance needs immediate attention. Self-medication should be discouraged. Asepsis should be the gospel for the prevention of infection.

Satyagraha, a philosophy and practice of non-violent resistance, has the power to shame the powerful because it makes a moral statement before the society. But it is only effective when the practitioner acquires the moral right to undertake the action. Only a principled person can carry Satyagraha to its logical end. Any regime, liberal or illiberal, finds it tough to suppress this movement. This weapon

of truth and non-violence rarely fails provided it is used selflessly in public interest. Satyagraha become Duragraha if it is used as blackmail.

For long, sociologists have warned of the dire consequences of an increasingly skewed sex ratio. A falling sex ratio is a cumulative process which could lead to more crimes and violence against women. Without enough brides, men would be forced to purchase wives leading to human trafficking. This, in turn, would lead to insecure parents resorting to even more female foeticide and keeping girls

indoors out of fear of their protection. In the long run all the gains made in pushing for greater female literacy and empowerment could be undone.

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The bar graph below shows the sales of six different cell phone manufacturers in 2011 (in '000units).

The Adjoining pie chart shows the breakeup of brand C alone in the same year for those countries where it is sold.

 

2011 Global Sales ('000)s

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The bar graph below shows the sales of six different cell phone manufacturers in 2011 (in '000units).

The Adjoining pie chart shows the breakeup of brand C alone in the same year for those countries where it is sold.

 

2011 Global Sales ('000)s

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The bar graph below shows the sales of six different cell phone manufacturers in 2011 (in '000units).

The Adjoining pie chart shows the breakeup of brand C alone in the same year for those countries where it is sold.

 

2011 Global Sales ('000)s

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The bar graph below shows the sales of six different cell phone manufacturers in 2011 (in '000units).

The Adjoining pie chart shows the breakeup of brand C alone in the same year for those countries where it is sold.

 

2011 Global Sales ('000)s

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The bar graph below shows the sales of six different cell phone manufacturers in 2011 (in '000units).

The Adjoining pie chart shows the breakeup of brand C alone in the same year for those countries where it is sold.

 

2011 Global Sales ('000)s

Study the table below to answer these question
The Table shows the quantities of minerals exported from India to six different countries A,B,C,D,E and F(in '000 tonnes) in the year 2010.

Study the table below to answer these question

The Table shows the quantities of minerals exported from India to six different countries A,B,C,D,E and F(in '000 tonnes) in the year 2010.

Study the table below to answer these question

The Table shows the quantities of minerals exported from India to six different countries A,B,C,D,E and F(in '000 tonnes) in the year 2010.

Study the table below to answer these question

The Table shows the quantities of minerals exported from India to six different countries A,B,C,D,E and F(in '000 tonnes) in the year 2010.

Study the table below to answer these question

The Table shows the quantities of minerals exported from India to six different countries A,B,C,D,E and F(in '000 tonnes) in the year 2010.

Each of these has a question followed by two statements numbered I and II.

1. The daily water supply to the village is 700m gallon.
2. The cost to the village for every 24000 gallons of water lost is₹25.

Each of these has a question followed by two statements numbered I and II.

1. Exactly 60 h before the appointment, it was sunday.
2. The appointment is between 1:00pm to 9:00pm.

Each of these has a question followed by two statements numbered I and II.

1. Math, Science and English have weights 5, 4 and 3
2. Simply arithmetic mean of math and science is 140, which is twice his average of science and English

Each of these has a question followed by two statements numbered I and II.

1. Anuj gets 2/9 of what the other two together get.
2. Sonam gets 3/11 of what the other two together

Each of these has a question followed by two statements numbered I and II.

1. 30 min after crossing each other they were 1200 m apart.
2. After crossing each other, Nitu reaches the starting point of Arun in Twice as much as Arun takes to reach the starting point of Nitu.

1. The number of ways you can divide 6 different candies to 4 different people.
2. The number of ways you can divide 7 different candies to 3 different people.

Two quantities A and B are given in each of the following questions.

1. The amount Arun paid for the car
2. The amount Rakesh paid for the car

Two quantities A and B are given in each of the following questions.

1. The height of Shaan
2. the height of Aarti

Two quantities A and B are given in each of the following questions.

1. The price of movie ticket
2. The price of slice of pizza

Two quantities A and B are given in each of the following questions.

1. The average number of stamps that Mukesh and Vijay have before giving Sharon any stamps.
2. The number of stamps that Sharon gets from Mukesh and Vijay

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The combined total sale of six models of cars, A,B,C,D,E and F sold by a manufacturer in 2010 and 2011 was 2222 and 2884, respectively. The percentage breakup of the sales of these six models in the two years are shown in the pie  chart

Breakup of Car Sales in 2010

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The combined total sale of six models of cars, A,B,C,D,E and F sold by a manufacturer in 2010 and 2011 was 2222 and 2884, respectively. The percentage breakup of the sales of these six models in the two years are shown in the pie  chart

Breakup of Car Sales in 2010

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The combined total sale of six models of cars, A,B,C,D,E and F sold by a manufacturer in 2010 and 2011 was 2222 and 2884, respectively. The percentage breakup of the sales of these six models in the two years are shown in the pie  chart

Breakup of Car Sales in 2010

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The combined total sale of six models of cars, A,B,C,D,E and F sold by a manufacturer in 2010 and 2011 was 2222 and 2884, respectively. The percentage breakup of the sales of these six models in the two years are shown in the pie  chart

Breakup of Car Sales in 2010

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The combined total sale of six models of cars, A,B,C,D,E and F sold by a manufacturer in 2010 and 2011 was 2222 and 2884, respectively. The percentage breakup of the sales of these six models in the two years are shown in the pie  chart

Breakup of Car Sales in 2010

Study the information below and answer these questions.

 

The adult population of a town in 1990 was 20440 people of which 53% were females while 60% were illiterates. Of these, the number above the age of 50 in that year was 17%. In the 2000 Census, it was found that adult population has reached 30760, 48% of them being females. Of the total adult population in 2000, 72% were below the age of 50 and total illiterates were 7000. Assume uniform pattern of age distribution amongst males and females.

Study the information below and answer these questions.

 

The adult population of a town in 1990 was 20440 people of which 53% were females while 60% were illiterates. Of these, the number above the age of 50 in that year was 17%. In the 2000 Census, it was found that adult population has reached 30760, 48% of them being females. Of the total adult population in 2000, 72% were below the age of 50 and total illiterates were 7000. Assume uniform pattern of age distribution amongst males and females.

Study the information below and answer these questions.

 

The adult population of a town in 1990 was 20440 people of which 53% were females while 60% were illiterates. Of these, the number above the age of 50 in that year was 17%. In the 2000 Census, it was found that adult population has reached 30760, 48% of them being females. Of the total adult population in 2000, 72% were below the age of 50 and total illiterates were 7000. Assume uniform pattern of age distribution amongst males and females.

Study the information below and answer these questions.

 

The adult population of a town in 1990 was 20440 people of which 53% were females while 60% were illiterates. Of these, the number above the age of 50 in that year was 17%. In the 2000 Census, it was found that adult population has reached 30760, 48% of them being females. Of the total adult population in 2000, 72% were below the age of 50 and total illiterates were 7000. Assume uniform pattern of age distribution amongst males and females.

Study the information below and answer these questions.

 

The adult population of a town in 1990 was 20440 people of which 53% were females while 60% were illiterates. Of these, the number above the age of 50 in that year was 17%. In the 2000 Census, it was found that adult population has reached 30760, 48% of them being females. Of the total adult population in 2000, 72% were below the age of 50 and total illiterates were 7000. Assume uniform pattern of age distribution amongst males and females.

Study the graph to answer these questions.
The graph below shows the number of graduates (in '000) of different streams, in six different states of country.

Study the graph to answer these questions.
The graph below shows the number of graduates (in '000) of different streams, in six different states of country.

Study the graph to answer these questions.
The graph below shows the number of graduates (in '000) of different streams, in six different states of country.

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows the number of graduates (in '000) of different streams, in six different states of country.

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows the number of graduates (in '000) of different streams, in six different states of country.

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows sales of different colour of Brand-X refrigerator for the year 2009, 2010 and 2011. Brand-X: Sales volume by colour of refrigrator(in '000s)

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows sales of different colour of Brand-X refrigerator for the year 2009, 2010 and 2011. Brand-X: Sales volume by colour of refrigrator(in '000s)

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows sales of different colour of Brand-X refrigerator for the year 2009, 2010 and 2011. Brand-X: Sales volume by colour of refrigrator(in '000s)

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows sales of different colour of Brand-X refrigerator for the year 2009, 2010 and 2011. Brand-X: Sales volume by colour of refrigrator(in '000s)

Study the graph to answer these questions.

The graph below shows sales of different colour of Brand-X refrigerator for the year 2009, 2010 and 2011. Brand-X: Sales volume by colour of refrigrator(in '000s)

Each of these questions has a statement followed by two conclusions I and II.

Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.

1. Inflation is curbing demand for consumer products.
2. A very large population of the country has a great appetite for consumer

Each of these questions has a statement followed by two conclusions I and II.

Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.

1. Computers have reduced paperwork to a very large extent
2. All banking functions can be operated and viewed easily on computers.

Each of these questions has a statement followed by two conclusions I and II.

Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.

1. Indian agriculture is largely dependent on timely rains
2. Indian farmers have not introduced latest technology into the system

Read the following information to answer these questions.

1. P, Q, R, S, T and U are the six members of a family
2. There is one Doctor, one Advocate, one Engineer, one Teacher, one Student and one Housewife among them.
3. There are two married couples in the family.
4. U, who is an Advocate, is father of P.
5. Q is a Teacher and is mother of R.
6. S is grandmother of R and is a Housewife.
7. T is the father of U and is a Doctor
8. R is the brother of P

Read the following information to answer these questions.

1. P, Q, R, S, T and U are the six members of a family
2. There is one Doctor, one Advocate, one Engineer, one Teacher, one Student and one Housewife among them.
3. There are two married couples in the family.
4. U, who is an Advocate, is father of P.
5. Q is a Teacher and is mother of R.
6. S is grandmother of R and is a Housewife.
7. T is the father of U and is a Doctor
8. R is the brother of P

Read the following information to answer these questions.

1. P, Q, R, S, T and U are the six members of a family
2. There is one Doctor, one Advocate, one Engineer, one Teacher, one Student and one Housewife among them.
3. There are two married couples in the family.
4. U, who is an Advocate, is father of P.
5. Q is a Teacher and is mother of R.
6. S is grandmother of R and is a Housewife.
7. T is the father of U and is a Doctor
8. R is the brother of P

Read the following information to answer these questions.

In a family, there are 10 members, G and N are a married couple while K is the husband of X. In this family, there are four housewives and four working husbands while other members are non - working. The husband in the last generation is a doctor and the husband of S is a teacher. L is a married woman but her husband is not Q and K are associated with the profession of engineer and accountant but K is not and accountant. P is the brother of T and both have a sister O. N is the daughter of L and X is the mother of P.

Read the following information to answer these questions.
In a family, there are 10 members, G and N are a married couple while K is the husband of X. In this family, there are four housewives and four working husbands while other members are non - working. The husband in the last generation is a doctor and the husband of S is a teacher. L is a married woman but her husband is not Q and K are associated with the profession of engineer and accountant but K is not and accountant. P is the brother of T and both have a sister O. N is the daughter of L and X is the mother of P.

Read the following information to answer these questions.
In a family, there are 10 members, G and N are a married couple while K is the husband of X. In this family, there are four housewives and four working husbands while other members are non - working. The husband in the last generation is a doctor and the husband of S is a teacher. L is a married woman but her husband is not Q and K are associated with the profession of engineer and accountant but K is not and accountant. P is the brother of T and both have a sister O. N is the daughter of L and X is the mother of P.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

1. P Ψ Q means P is mother of Q.
2. P ε Q means P is sister of Q.
3. P $ Q means P is father of Q.
4. P # Q means P is brother of Q.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

1. P Ψ Q means P is mother of Q.
2. P ε Q means P is sister of Q.
3. P $ Q means P is father of Q.
4. P # Q means P is brother of Q.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

1. P Ψ Q means P is mother of Q.
2. P ε Q means P is sister of Q.
3. P $ Q means P is father of Q.
4. P # Q means P is brother of Q.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

Six members of a family G, H, I, J, K and L are Accountant, Clerk, Lawyer, Jeweller, Doctor and Engineer, but not in the same order.

1. Doctor is the grandfather of L who is an Accountant.
2. Clerk J is married to G.
3. I, who is a Jeweller, is married to the Lawyer.
4. H is the mother of L and K.
5. There are two married couples in the family.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

Six members of a family G, H, I, J, K and L are Accountant, Clerk, Lawyer, Jeweller, Doctor and Engineer, but not in the same order.

1. Doctor is the grandfather of L who is an Accountant.
2. Clerk J is married to G.
3. I, who is a Jeweller, is married to the Lawyer.
4. H is the mother of L and K.
5. There are two married couples in the family.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

Six members of a family G, H, I, J, K and L are Accountant, Clerk, Lawyer, Jeweller, Doctor and Engineer, but not in the same order.

1. Doctor is the grandfather of L who is an Accountant.
2. Clerk J is married to G.
3. I, who is a Jeweller, is married to the Lawyer.
4. H is the mother of L and K.
5. There are two married couples in the family.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

There are six children playing football namely G, H, I, J, K and L. G and K are brothers. L is the only sister of K. I is the only son of G's uncle. H and J are the daughters of the brother of I's father.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

There are six children playing football namely G, H, I, J, K and L. G and K are brothers. L is the only sister of K. I is the only son of G's uncle. H and J are the daughters of the brother of I's father.

Read the following information to answer these questions.

There are six children playing football namely G, H, I, J, K and L. G and K are brothers. L is the only sister of K. I is the only son of G's uncle. H and J are the daughters of the brother of I's father.

Statement I:

Drinking tea has a number of health benefits. A cup of the beverage can help slash the risk of developing cancer by shrinking tumours.

Statement II:

The new research has shown that black tea could help prevent cancer. The compound Theaflavin-2 which has antioxidant properties reduces the risk of some cancers as well as heart disease.

Statement I:

India has lost a staggering $ 462 billion in illicit financial flows due to tax

evasion, crime and corruption post - Independence according to a report released by Washington-based Global Financial Integrity.

Statement II:

More than 40% of the FDIs to India originate from Mauritius. Mauritius has now agreed to negotiate and revise the existing Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with India, as capital gains is exempted from tax in Mauritius and a Mauritian company cannot be taxed in India.

Statement I:

Not a single Indian University, including the IITs, has fared well in an all-Asian varsity ranking for the year 2011. IIT - Bombay is the only one to figure in the world top 200 at 187, lower than the previous year's rank of 163.

Statement II:
A university founded merely two decades ago- the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology- has topped the charts. The university of Cambridge got a perfect 100. All the seven old IITs have made it to the Asian University ranking, but their ranks have slid.

Each of these question consists of a pair of words bearing a certain relationship. From amongst the given alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrates a similar relationship.

Each of these question consists of a pair of words bearing a certain relationship. From amongst the given alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrates a similar relationship.

Each of these question consists of a pair of words bearing a certain relationship. From amongst the given alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrates a similar relationship.

Each of these question consists of a pair of words bearing a certain relationship. From amongst the given alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrates a similar relationship.

Complete the series by replacing the '?'

Complete the series by replacing the '?'

Complete the series by replacing the '?'

Complete the series by replacing the '?'

Complete the series by replacing the '?'

For the following questions answer them individually

For the following questions answer them individually

For the following questions answer them individually

For the following questions answer them individually

Assertion (A): It has now been proved that eating high fat diets, having decreased level of exercise and leading a stressful life lead to heart problems.
Reason (R): Fatty diets clot the blood in our arteries and hence sufficient amount of blood can't reach the heart vessels.

Assertion (A): The screening of film 'ABC' has been stopped due to a High Court order.

Reason (R): People abide by the decisions of the High Court.

Assertion (A): Residents of 'XYZ' colony in Delhi are agitating against the irregular and inadequate water supply in their colony.

Reason (R): Agitation is a basic right of people to get the water supply for their survival.

Assertion (A): A student who is indisciplined brings a bad name to himself, his parents, his teachers and also to his institute.

Reason (R): We must find out the grievances of our students and try to resolve them to a reasonable level so that it generates self-discipline in them.

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