MAT-2

Statements:
I. P and Q together fence a garden of perimeter 800 m in 11 hours.
II. P, Q and R together can fence a garden of perimeter 800 m in 5 hours.

Choose the correct Option:

Statements:
I. Y and Z together secured 1324 marks.
II. X and Z together secured 1355 marks.
Choose the correct option:

Statements:
I. The number of voters is 993 and the number of female voters is 368 in the booth.
II. The number of female voters is more than 1/4th of total voters in the booth.
Choose the correct option:

Statements:
I. The train crosses a pole in 8 sec.
II. The train takes 12 sec to cross a 150 m long bridge.
Choose the correct option:

Statements:
I. 20 min earlier the angle was 150.
II. The min hand will reach 6 in around 10 min.
Choose the correct option:

Study the table below to answer the following question.

Profit earned is either paid out as dividend or ploughed back in business as retained earnings. Interest is paid on borrowings.

Study the table below to answer the following question.

Profit earned is either paid out as dividend or ploughed back in business as retained earnings. Interest is paid on borrowings.

Study the table below to answer the following question.

Profit earned is either paid out as dividend or ploughed back in business as retained earnings. Interest is paid on borrowings.

Study the table below to answer the following question.

Profit earned is either paid out as dividend or ploughed back in business as retained earnings. Interest is paid on borrowings.

Column A                      Column B

Column A                                                               Column B
Twice the sum of 14 and b, divided by 2                  b + 14

Column A                                                                     Column B
The area of a square whose sides                                 The area of a rectangle with
have a length of 3x                                                           length 2x and width x

Choose the option which can be a suitable one word substitute for the given question.

Choose the option which can be a suitable one word substitute for the given question.

Choose the option which can be a suitable one word substitute for the given question.

Choose the option which can be a suitable one word substitute for the given question.

In the following question, choose the most appropriate option to fill in the blanks.

In the following question, choose the most appropriate option to fill in the blanks.

In the following question, choose the most appropriate option to fill in the blanks.

In the following question, choose the most appropriate option to fill in the blanks.

the question given below, identify the best way of writing the sentence in the context of the correct usage of standard written English.

In the question given below, identify the best way of writing the sentence in the context of the correct usage of standard written English.

In the question given below, identify the best way of writing the sentence in the context of the correct usage of standard written English.

In the question given below, identify the best way of writing the sentence in the context of the correct usage of standard written English.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Business is a fine balance between opportunity and risk. In an ideal world the entrepreneur identifies a new opportunity, a product, a
process or a service that would increase user satisfaction. Successful businesses identify opportunities early, and ride a wave, at
minimum risk, to deliver sustained growth and profitability. Bad or incomplete identification of an opportunity or an inadequate
understanding of risk can destroy businesses.
The last 18 months have seen a significant number of businesses destroyed all over the world. Opportunities available to Indian
firms eight months ago are now history; risk has increased manifold. The high growth environment and the go-go nature of
growth in the last decade trivialized the need for a systematic, identification of opportunity and a comprehensive assessment of
risk. The pie was so big and growing so quickly, that almost anything made sense and money. Indian firms expanded capacity,
market footprint, acquired firms in high-cost regimes, increased exports as a component of the sales and profit, salaries and wages
rocketed and there was an opportunity for every stakeholder at seemingly no risk. All and sundry began to think of themselves as
world-beaters. Now that they have been beaten by the world it is time to reset the approach to avoid a Ctrl-Alt-Del situation.
Identifying and seizing opportunities requires a profound understanding of markets and customer expectations. Product, process
and service have to be tailored to the ‘emerging’ customer need rather than the current need. The new paradigm is: What can we
make that you want to buy as against – we have a product you have to buy! Indian corporates need to develop products and
services that are needed around unmet needs of customers and go out and market, rather than sell them. This requires
understanding market reality, shifts and drivers on an ongoing continuous basis. Indian firms need to invest in understanding
factors critical to their success – the physical, political, economic, social, technology and trade frameworks that will drive the
competencies they need to acquire to leverage an opportunity.
This requires a realistic estimate of the value chains that deliver results at least risk and their own strengths and weaknesses to
manage and mitigate the risks while making the most of the opportunity. The iPhone is an excellent example of this approach. In a
commoditising market Apple identified the needs that users, young, old and mid-aged, wanted and produced a user-friendly
product. The factor critical to its success is its ease of connectivity, high-speed download off the Internet and elegant looks, not to
mention superb feature list. The least concern for the user is the phone attributes, which, in any case, are good! In contrast, all the
leading players of two years ago are now playing catch-up with iPhone, which incidentally, offers a limited range of models, in
contrast to the dizzying array and colours from other phone-makers! A good risk reduction exercise.
Risk needs to be understood in its totality. Risk, defined as the possibility that events may not turn out as planned or expected, has
may dimensions to it, much of it ignored in a high growth era, and all of which become relevant and rear up when least desired, in
difficult times. The primary risk Indian corporates need to contend with is strategic risk – the ability to identify and seize an
opportunity and allot resources to ensure delivery. It is sad to see the ‘retail revolution’ leaders of mid-2008, languishing in sour
deals. The closure of 20 per cent of these ‘modern format stores’ is a telling commentary on the poor assessment of strategic risk.
Minimizing strategic risk increases the competitiveness of the firm.
The second major risk facing Indian corporate is operational risk; Indian productivity remains way behind global standards. And
corporates have not even begun addressing them. The garment industry is a case in point. On average, an Indian garment maker
produces 7 – 10 garments per machine per day. The world standard is 23 – 25! No wage differential can mask the harmful consequences
of this depth of under-performance. Remove the subsidies and the garment industry will sink like a stone. Reducing operational risk
increases asset and resource productivity. Capacity utilization is a good mitigator of operational and strategic risk; and both of them
could do with significant streamlining. With increasing profitability Indian firms have been diversifying – a nice, but risky way, to seek
opportunities. Real estate is littered with firms which saw ‘opportunity’, created land banks and are now sitting ducks.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it

Business is a fine balance between opportunity and risk. In an ideal world the entrepreneur identifies a new opportunity, a product, a
process or a service that would increase user satisfaction. Successful businesses identify opportunities early, and ride a wave, at
minimum risk, to deliver sustained growth and profitability. Bad or incomplete identification of an opportunity or an inadequate
understanding of risk can destroy businesses.
The last 18 months have seen a significant number of businesses destroyed all over the world. Opportunities available to Indian
firms eight months ago are now history; risk has increased manifold. The high growth environment and the go-go nature of
growth in the last decade trivialized the need for a systematic, identification of opportunity and a comprehensive assessment of
risk. The pie was so big and growing so quickly, that almost anything made sense and money. Indian firms expanded capacity,
market footprint, acquired firms in high-cost regimes, increased exports as a component of the sales and profit, salaries and wages
rocketed and there was an opportunity for every stakeholder at seemingly no risk. All and sundry began to think of themselves as
world-beaters. Now that they have been beaten by the world it is time to reset the approach to avoid a Ctrl-Alt-Del situation.
Identifying and seizing opportunities requires a profound understanding of markets and customer expectations. Product, process
and service have to be tailored to the ‘emerging’ customer need rather than the current need. The new paradigm is: What can we
make that you want to buy as against – we have a product you have to buy! Indian corporates need to develop products and
services that are needed around unmet needs of customers and go out and market, rather than sell them. This requires
understanding market reality, shifts and drivers on an ongoing continuous basis. Indian firms need to invest in understanding
factors critical to their success – the physical, political, economic, social, technology and trade frameworks that will drive the
competencies they need to acquire to leverage an opportunity.
This requires a realistic estimate of the value chains that deliver results at least risk and their own strengths and weaknesses to
manage and mitigate the risks while making the most of the opportunity. The iPhone is an excellent example of this approach. In a
commoditising market Apple identified the needs that users, young, old and mid-aged, wanted and produced a user-friendly
product. The factor critical to its success is its ease of connectivity, high-speed download off the Internet and elegant looks, not to
mention superb feature list. The least concern for the user is the phone attributes, which, in any case, are good! In contrast, all the
leading players of two years ago are now playing catch-up with iPhone, which incidentally, offers a limited range of models, in
contrast to the dizzying array and colours from other phone-makers! A good risk reduction exercise.
Risk needs to be understood in its totality. Risk, defined as the possibility that events may not turn out as planned or expected, has
may dimensions to it, much of it ignored in a high growth era, and all of which become relevant and rear up when least desired, in
difficult times. The primary risk Indian corporates need to contend with is strategic risk – the ability to identify and seize an
opportunity and allot resources to ensure delivery. It is sad to see the ‘retail revolution’ leaders of mid-2008, languishing in sour
deals. The closure of 20 per cent of these ‘modern format stores’ is a telling commentary on the poor assessment of strategic risk.
Minimizing strategic risk increases the competitiveness of the firm.
The second major risk facing Indian corporate is operational risk; Indian productivity remains way behind global standards. And
corporates have not even begun addressing them. The garment industry is a case in point. On average, an Indian garment maker
produces 7 – 10 garments per machine per day. The world standard is 23 – 25! No wage differential can mask the harmful consequences
of this depth of under-performance. Remove the subsidies and the garment industry will sink like a stone. Reducing operational risk
increases asset and resource productivity. Capacity utilization is a good mitigator of operational and strategic risk; and both of them
could do with significant streamlining. With increasing profitability Indian firms have been diversifying – a nice, but risky way, to seek
opportunities. Real estate is littered with firms which saw ‘opportunity’, created land banks and are now sitting ducks.

I. Strategic Risk             II. Operational Risk                III. Recession

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Business is a fine balance between opportunity and risk. In an ideal world the entrepreneur identifies a new opportunity, a product, a
process or a service that would increase user satisfaction. Successful businesses identify opportunities early, and ride a wave, at
minimum risk, to deliver sustained growth and profitability. Bad or incomplete identification of an opportunity or an inadequate
understanding of risk can destroy businesses.
The last 18 months have seen a significant number of businesses destroyed all over the world. Opportunities available to Indian
firms eight months ago are now history; risk has increased manifold. The high growth environment and the go-go nature of
growth in the last decade trivialized the need for a systematic, identification of opportunity and a comprehensive assessment of
risk. The pie was so big and growing so quickly, that almost anything made sense and money. Indian firms expanded capacity,
market footprint, acquired firms in high-cost regimes, increased exports as a component of the sales and profit, salaries and wages
rocketed and there was an opportunity for every stakeholder at seemingly no risk. All and sundry began to think of themselves as
world-beaters. Now that they have been beaten by the world it is time to reset the approach to avoid a Ctrl-Alt-Del situation.
Identifying and seizing opportunities requires a profound understanding of markets and customer expectations. Product, process
and service have to be tailored to the ‘emerging’ customer need rather than the current need. The new paradigm is: What can we
make that you want to buy as against – we have a product you have to buy! Indian corporates need to develop products and
services that are needed around unmet needs of customers and go out and market, rather than sell them. This requires
understanding market reality, shifts and drivers on an ongoing continuous basis. Indian firms need to invest in understanding
factors critical to their success – the physical, political, economic, social, technology and trade frameworks that will drive the
competencies they need to acquire to leverage an opportunity.
This requires a realistic estimate of the value chains that deliver results at least risk and their own strengths and weaknesses to
manage and mitigate the risks while making the most of the opportunity. The iPhone is an excellent example of this approach. In a
commoditising market Apple identified the needs that users, young, old and mid-aged, wanted and produced a user-friendly
product. The factor critical to its success is its ease of connectivity, high-speed download off the Internet and elegant looks, not to
mention superb feature list. The least concern for the user is the phone attributes, which, in any case, are good! In contrast, all the
leading players of two years ago are now playing catch-up with iPhone, which incidentally, offers a limited range of models, in
contrast to the dizzying array and colours from other phone-makers! A good risk reduction exercise.
Risk needs to be understood in its totality. Risk, defined as the possibility that events may not turn out as planned or expected, has
may dimensions to it, much of it ignored in a high growth era, and all of which become relevant and rear up when least desired, in
difficult times. The primary risk Indian corporates need to contend with is strategic risk – the ability to identify and seize an
opportunity and allot resources to ensure delivery. It is sad to see the ‘retail revolution’ leaders of mid-2008, languishing in sour
deals. The closure of 20 per cent of these ‘modern format stores’ is a telling commentary on the poor assessment of strategic risk.
Minimizing strategic risk increases the competitiveness of the firm.
The second major risk facing Indian corporate is operational risk; Indian productivity remains way behind global standards. And
corporates have not even begun addressing them. The garment industry is a case in point. On average, an Indian garment maker
produces 7 – 10 garments per machine per day. The world standard is 23 – 25! No wage differential can mask the harmful consequences
of this depth of under-performance. Remove the subsidies and the garment industry will sink like a stone. Reducing operational risk
increases asset and resource productivity. Capacity utilization is a good mitigator of operational and strategic risk; and both of them
could do with significant streamlining. With increasing profitability Indian firms have been diversifying – a nice, but risky way, to seek
opportunities. Real estate is littered with firms which saw ‘opportunity’, created land banks and are now sitting ducks.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Business is a fine balance between opportunity and risk. In an ideal world the entrepreneur identifies a new opportunity, a product, a
process or a service that would increase user satisfaction. Successful businesses identify opportunities early, and ride a wave, at
minimum risk, to deliver sustained growth and profitability. Bad or incomplete identification of an opportunity or an inadequate
understanding of risk can destroy businesses.
The last 18 months have seen a significant number of businesses destroyed all over the world. Opportunities available to Indian
firms eight months ago are now history; risk has increased manifold. The high growth environment and the go-go nature of
growth in the last decade trivialized the need for a systematic, identification of opportunity and a comprehensive assessment of
risk. The pie was so big and growing so quickly, that almost anything made sense and money. Indian firms expanded capacity,
market footprint, acquired firms in high-cost regimes, increased exports as a component of the sales and profit, salaries and wages
rocketed and there was an opportunity for every stakeholder at seemingly no risk. All and sundry began to think of themselves as
world-beaters. Now that they have been beaten by the world it is time to reset the approach to avoid a Ctrl-Alt-Del situation.
Identifying and seizing opportunities requires a profound understanding of markets and customer expectations. Product, process
and service have to be tailored to the ‘emerging’ customer need rather than the current need. The new paradigm is: What can we
make that you want to buy as against – we have a product you have to buy! Indian corporates need to develop products and
services that are needed around unmet needs of customers and go out and market, rather than sell them. This requires
understanding market reality, shifts and drivers on an ongoing continuous basis. Indian firms need to invest in understanding
factors critical to their success – the physical, political, economic, social, technology and trade frameworks that will drive the
competencies they need to acquire to leverage an opportunity.
This requires a realistic estimate of the value chains that deliver results at least risk and their own strengths and weaknesses to
manage and mitigate the risks while making the most of the opportunity. The iPhone is an excellent example of this approach. In a
commoditising market Apple identified the needs that users, young, old and mid-aged, wanted and produced a user-friendly
product. The factor critical to its success is its ease of connectivity, high-speed download off the Internet and elegant looks, not to
mention superb feature list. The least concern for the user is the phone attributes, which, in any case, are good! In contrast, all the
leading players of two years ago are now playing catch-up with iPhone, which incidentally, offers a limited range of models, in
contrast to the dizzying array and colours from other phone-makers! A good risk reduction exercise.
Risk needs to be understood in its totality. Risk, defined as the possibility that events may not turn out as planned or expected, has
may dimensions to it, much of it ignored in a high growth era, and all of which become relevant and rear up when least desired, in
difficult times. The primary risk Indian corporates need to contend with is strategic risk – the ability to identify and seize an
opportunity and allot resources to ensure delivery. It is sad to see the ‘retail revolution’ leaders of mid-2008, languishing in sour
deals. The closure of 20 per cent of these ‘modern format stores’ is a telling commentary on the poor assessment of strategic risk.
Minimizing strategic risk increases the competitiveness of the firm.
The second major risk facing Indian corporate is operational risk; Indian productivity remains way behind global standards. And
corporates have not even begun addressing them. The garment industry is a case in point. On average, an Indian garment maker
produces 7 – 10 garments per machine per day. The world standard is 23 – 25! No wage differential can mask the harmful consequences
of this depth of under-performance. Remove the subsidies and the garment industry will sink like a stone. Reducing operational risk
increases asset and resource productivity. Capacity utilization is a good mitigator of operational and strategic risk; and both of them
could do with significant streamlining. With increasing profitability Indian firms have been diversifying – a nice, but risky way, to seek
opportunities. Real estate is littered with firms which saw ‘opportunity’, created land banks and are now sitting ducks.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Business is a fine balance between opportunity and risk. In an ideal world the entrepreneur identifies a new opportunity, a product, a
process or a service that would increase user satisfaction. Successful businesses identify opportunities early, and ride a wave, at
minimum risk, to deliver sustained growth and profitability. Bad or incomplete identification of an opportunity or an inadequate
understanding of risk can destroy businesses.
The last 18 months have seen a significant number of businesses destroyed all over the world. Opportunities available to Indian
firms eight months ago are now history; risk has increased manifold. The high growth environment and the go-go nature of
growth in the last decade trivialized the need for a systematic, identification of opportunity and a comprehensive assessment of
risk. The pie was so big and growing so quickly, that almost anything made sense and money. Indian firms expanded capacity,
market footprint, acquired firms in high-cost regimes, increased exports as a component of the sales and profit, salaries and wages
rocketed and there was an opportunity for every stakeholder at seemingly no risk. All and sundry began to think of themselves as
world-beaters. Now that they have been beaten by the world it is time to reset the approach to avoid a Ctrl-Alt-Del situation.
Identifying and seizing opportunities requires a profound understanding of markets and customer expectations. Product, process
and service have to be tailored to the ‘emerging’ customer need rather than the current need. The new paradigm is: What can we
make that you want to buy as against – we have a product you have to buy! Indian corporates need to develop products and
services that are needed around unmet needs of customers and go out and market, rather than sell them. This requires
understanding market reality, shifts and drivers on an ongoing continuous basis. Indian firms need to invest in understanding
factors critical to their success – the physical, political, economic, social, technology and trade frameworks that will drive the
competencies they need to acquire to leverage an opportunity.
This requires a realistic estimate of the value chains that deliver results at least risk and their own strengths and weaknesses to
manage and mitigate the risks while making the most of the opportunity. The iPhone is an excellent example of this approach. In a
commoditising market Apple identified the needs that users, young, old and mid-aged, wanted and produced a user-friendly
product. The factor critical to its success is its ease of connectivity, high-speed download off the Internet and elegant looks, not to
mention superb feature list. The least concern for the user is the phone attributes, which, in any case, are good! In contrast, all the
leading players of two years ago are now playing catch-up with iPhone, which incidentally, offers a limited range of models, in
contrast to the dizzying array and colours from other phone-makers! A good risk reduction exercise.
Risk needs to be understood in its totality. Risk, defined as the possibility that events may not turn out as planned or expected, has
may dimensions to it, much of it ignored in a high growth era, and all of which become relevant and rear up when least desired, in
difficult times. The primary risk Indian corporates need to contend with is strategic risk – the ability to identify and seize an
opportunity and allot resources to ensure delivery. It is sad to see the ‘retail revolution’ leaders of mid-2008, languishing in sour
deals. The closure of 20 per cent of these ‘modern format stores’ is a telling commentary on the poor assessment of strategic risk.
Minimizing strategic risk increases the competitiveness of the firm.
The second major risk facing Indian corporate is operational risk; Indian productivity remains way behind global standards. And
corporates have not even begun addressing them. The garment industry is a case in point. On average, an Indian garment maker
produces 7 – 10 garments per machine per day. The world standard is 23 – 25! No wage differential can mask the harmful consequences
of this depth of under-performance. Remove the subsidies and the garment industry will sink like a stone. Reducing operational risk
increases asset and resource productivity. Capacity utilization is a good mitigator of operational and strategic risk; and both of them
could do with significant streamlining. With increasing profitability Indian firms have been diversifying – a nice, but risky way, to seek
opportunities. Real estate is littered with firms which saw ‘opportunity’, created land banks and are now sitting ducks.

The question below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted.
Choose the set of words for each blank which best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

PASSAGE II
The G-20 group of nations is made up of the world’s most powerful economies – accounting for 90 per cent of the world’s
economic output, 80 per cent of world trade and two-thirds of the world’s population. Now that the leaders who met have
returned home, in high spirits, believing they have found a common ground over the key issues of financial regulation, economic
growth, strengthening the global financial architecture and helping the world’s poorest, I am reminded of the ancient Atharva
Veda samhita ‘Indrah somam pibatu ksemo astu na’. Meaning “As long as Lord Indra is drunk with soma juice, I am in high spirits.”
The only real voices I heard articulating the will of Europeans were in the crowds outside the G-20. I have lived in Europe for two
decades and, never before have I seen tens of thousands of Europeans who marched through Berlin, Vienna, Paris and other
European cities to demand action on poverty, job losses and climate change. And, their mood was of exhaustion and
disillusionment. When the celebrations have died down, it will be easier to look at what actually happened in London with a
tranquil mind.
In my view, the summit participants took the easy way out. Their decision to pump a further $5 trillion into the collapsing world
economy within the foreseeable future could indeed prove to be the undesirable Hobson’s choice. In combating this crisis, it
seems to me that the international community is in fact setting the foundation for a consequent crisis, which will outsize the
current one. Miserably, at the summit, the crucial questions went unanswered because they weren’t even asked. Why are we in the
current situation anyway? Who or what has gotten us into this mess? The EU counts on exports as a stimulus to the economy, like
Asia, something the US abandoned long ago. Though the sub-prime rage infected Europe too, its financial woes shoot primarily
from the US, with its unbridled consumerism and wars, and will never be solved until the US puts its house in order. What was
peddled even a year ago as a joyous community, a big happy family, is now a dysfunctional one, complete with sibling rivalry,
spoiled brats and marital strife.
The number that has been bandied about is beyond the comprehension of “Joe, the plumber”. Almost all world leaders are also
unable to figure out the enormity of the global debt-quicksand. There have been suggestions that if all these papers were to be
shredded and the debts written off, the global banks’ balance sheets would be wiped clean of such toxic assets. As a result the
economy would restart and the good old days of cheap credit and unrestrained consumption would usher another boom. This is a
fairy tale. In the old days, when hoodlums wanted to make someone disappear for good, they would tie his legs together and
attach the rope to a heavy object and throw the poor fellow into a lake or sea. The current financial system is not unlike the man
who has been thrown overboard and being dragged down by the heavy object. The only chance for survival is if the man could
somehow loosen the rope and detach the weight from his legs and swim to the surface.
In short, the farmers, like all the millions of gamblers who have been ensnared by the global casino, are now in the debt trap and
being slowly dragged down to the bottom of the lake. Therefore, pumping hundreds of billions into the banks will not solve the
problem. When millions are caught in the debt trap and there is no way out, and they see billions been given to the Wall Street fat
cats, lynching parties will be the order of the day. The countdown has started. With unemployment soaring many European Union
countries want the migrant workers they once attracted, to go home as quickly as possible. They are sparing no expense or effort
to encourage them to leave.
After the European Union’s eastward expansion in 2004, tens of thousands of Asians found jobs in Polish, Czech and Slovak factories,
where they were welcomed with open arms to fill the jobs that one million Poles and hundreds of thousands of Czechs, Balts, Slovaks
and Hungarians had left behind when they migrated to the wealthier EU countries. Ireland, Great Britain and Sweden, unlike Germany
and Austria, had immediately opened their borders to citizens of the new Member States, and Spain followed suit two years later. Once
the global economic crisis erupted, those days were over. Unemployment has risen twice as fast in Great Britain and Spain as elsewhere
in Europe. Now the citizens of Western European countries need the jobs themselves, and their Governments are resorting to all kinds of
tricks and incentives to get rid of the hands they once needed so badly. The G-20 has just put a fresh coat of paint on a world that is
rotting. Only a strong popular call-up will make it possible to lay solid foundations to build another world, in which finance is at the
service of people, and not the other way round.

I. Accounts for 66% of the world’s population
II. Comprises the world’s most powerful economies
III. Accounts for 80% of the world trade

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

PASSAGE II
The G-20 group of nations is made up of the world’s most powerful economies – accounting for 90 per cent of the world’s
economic output, 80 per cent of world trade and two-thirds of the world’s population. Now that the leaders who met have
returned home, in high spirits, believing they have found a common ground over the key issues of financial regulation, economic
growth, strengthening the global financial architecture and helping the world’s poorest, I am reminded of the ancient Atharva
Veda samhita ‘Indrah somam pibatu ksemo astu na’. Meaning “As long as Lord Indra is drunk with soma juice, I am in high spirits.”
The only real voices I heard articulating the will of Europeans were in the crowds outside the G-20. I have lived in Europe for two
decades and, never before have I seen tens of thousands of Europeans who marched through Berlin, Vienna, Paris and other
European cities to demand action on poverty, job losses and climate change. And, their mood was of exhaustion and
disillusionment. When the celebrations have died down, it will be easier to look at what actually happened in London with a
tranquil mind.
In my view, the summit participants took the easy way out. Their decision to pump a further $5 trillion into the collapsing world
economy within the foreseeable future could indeed prove to be the undesirable Hobson’s choice. In combating this crisis, it
seems to me that the international community is in fact setting the foundation for a consequent crisis, which will outsize the
current one. Miserably, at the summit, the crucial questions went unanswered because they weren’t even asked. Why are we in the
current situation anyway? Who or what has gotten us into this mess? The EU counts on exports as a stimulus to the economy, like
Asia, something the US abandoned long ago. Though the sub-prime rage infected Europe too, its financial woes shoot primarily
from the US, with its unbridled consumerism and wars, and will never be solved until the US puts its house in order. What was
peddled even a year ago as a joyous community, a big happy family, is now a dysfunctional one, complete with sibling rivalry,
spoiled brats and marital strife.
The number that has been bandied about is beyond the comprehension of “Joe, the plumber”. Almost all world leaders are also
unable to figure out the enormity of the global debt-quicksand. There have been suggestions that if all these papers were to be
shredded and the debts written off, the global banks’ balance sheets would be wiped clean of such toxic assets. As a result the
economy would restart and the good old days of cheap credit and unrestrained consumption would usher another boom. This is a
fairy tale. In the old days, when hoodlums wanted to make someone disappear for good, they would tie his legs together and
attach the rope to a heavy object and throw the poor fellow into a lake or sea. The current financial system is not unlike the man
who has been thrown overboard and being dragged down by the heavy object. The only chance for survival is if the man could
somehow loosen the rope and detach the weight from his legs and swim to the surface.
In short, the farmers, like all the millions of gamblers who have been ensnared by the global casino, are now in the debt trap and
being slowly dragged down to the bottom of the lake. Therefore, pumping hundreds of billions into the banks will not solve the
problem. When millions are caught in the debt trap and there is no way out, and they see billions been given to the Wall Street fat
cats, lynching parties will be the order of the day. The countdown has started. With unemployment soaring many European Union
countries want the migrant workers they once attracted, to go home as quickly as possible. They are sparing no expense or effort
to encourage them to leave.
After the European Union’s eastward expansion in 2004, tens of thousands of Asians found jobs in Polish, Czech and Slovak factories,
where they were welcomed with open arms to fill the jobs that one million Poles and hundreds of thousands of Czechs, Balts, Slovaks
and Hungarians had left behind when they migrated to the wealthier EU countries. Ireland, Great Britain and Sweden, unlike Germany
and Austria, had immediately opened their borders to citizens of the new Member States, and Spain followed suit two years later. Once
the global economic crisis erupted, those days were over. Unemployment has risen twice as fast in Great Britain and Spain as elsewhere
in Europe. Now the citizens of Western European countries need the jobs themselves, and their Governments are resorting to all kinds of
tricks and incentives to get rid of the hands they once needed so badly. The G-20 has just put a fresh coat of paint on a world that is
rotting. Only a strong popular call-up will make it possible to lay solid foundations to build another world, in which finance is at the
service of people, and not the other way round.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
PASSAGE II
The G-20 group of nations is made up of the world’s most powerful economies – accounting for 90 per cent of the world’s
economic output, 80 per cent of world trade and two-thirds of the world’s population. Now that the leaders who met have
returned home, in high spirits, believing they have found a common ground over the key issues of financial regulation, economic
growth, strengthening the global financial architecture and helping the world’s poorest, I am reminded of the ancient Atharva
Veda samhita ‘Indrah somam pibatu ksemo astu na’. Meaning “As long as Lord Indra is drunk with soma juice, I am in high spirits.”
The only real voices I heard articulating the will of Europeans were in the crowds outside the G-20. I have lived in Europe for two
decades and, never before have I seen tens of thousands of Europeans who marched through Berlin, Vienna, Paris and other
European cities to demand action on poverty, job losses and climate change. And, their mood was of exhaustion and
disillusionment. When the celebrations have died down, it will be easier to look at what actually happened in London with a
tranquil mind.
In my view, the summit participants took the easy way out. Their decision to pump a further $5 trillion into the collapsing world
economy within the foreseeable future could indeed prove to be the undesirable Hobson’s choice. In combating this crisis, it
seems to me that the international community is in fact setting the foundation for a consequent crisis, which will outsize the
current one. Miserably, at the summit, the crucial questions went unanswered because they weren’t even asked. Why are we in the
current situation anyway? Who or what has gotten us into this mess? The EU counts on exports as a stimulus to the economy, like
Asia, something the US abandoned long ago. Though the sub-prime rage infected Europe too, its financial woes shoot primarily
from the US, with its unbridled consumerism and wars, and will never be solved until the US puts its house in order. What was
peddled even a year ago as a joyous community, a big happy family, is now a dysfunctional one, complete with sibling rivalry,
spoiled brats and marital strife.
The number that has been bandied about is beyond the comprehension of “Joe, the plumber”. Almost all world leaders are also
unable to figure out the enormity of the global debt-quicksand. There have been suggestions that if all these papers were to be
shredded and the debts written off, the global banks’ balance sheets would be wiped clean of such toxic assets. As a result the
economy would restart and the good old days of cheap credit and unrestrained consumption would usher another boom. This is a
fairy tale. In the old days, when hoodlums wanted to make someone disappear for good, they would tie his legs together and
attach the rope to a heavy object and throw the poor fellow into a lake or sea. The current financial system is not unlike the man
who has been thrown overboard and being dragged down by the heavy object. The only chance for survival is if the man could
somehow loosen the rope and detach the weight from his legs and swim to the surface.
In short, the farmers, like all the millions of gamblers who have been ensnared by the global casino, are now in the debt trap and
being slowly dragged down to the bottom of the lake. Therefore, pumping hundreds of billions into the banks will not solve the
problem. When millions are caught in the debt trap and there is no way out, and they see billions been given to the Wall Street fat
cats, lynching parties will be the order of the day. The countdown has started. With unemployment soaring many European Union
countries want the migrant workers they once attracted, to go home as quickly as possible. They are sparing no expense or effort
to encourage them to leave.
After the European Union’s eastward expansion in 2004, tens of thousands of Asians found jobs in Polish, Czech and Slovak factories,
where they were welcomed with open arms to fill the jobs that one million Poles and hundreds of thousands of Czechs, Balts, Slovaks
and Hungarians had left behind when they migrated to the wealthier EU countries. Ireland, Great Britain and Sweden, unlike Germany
and Austria, had immediately opened their borders to citizens of the new Member States, and Spain followed suit two years later. Once
the global economic crisis erupted, those days were over. Unemployment has risen twice as fast in Great Britain and Spain as elsewhere
in Europe. Now the citizens of Western European countries need the jobs themselves, and their Governments are resorting to all kinds of
tricks and incentives to get rid of the hands they once needed so badly. The G-20 has just put a fresh coat of paint on a world that is
rotting. Only a strong popular call-up will make it possible to lay solid foundations to build another world, in which finance is at the
service of people, and not the other way round.
I. G-20 leaders got drunk at the Summit.
II. The G-20 leaders were in high spirits assuming they have found the solution for the current economic crisis.
III. The European crowds outside the G-20 Summit venue marched through the streets of Berlin, etc., in celebrations.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

PASSAGE II
The G-20 group of nations is made up of the world’s most powerful economies – accounting for 90 per cent of the world’s
economic output, 80 per cent of world trade and two-thirds of the world’s population. Now that the leaders who met have
returned home, in high spirits, believing they have found a common ground over the key issues of financial regulation, economic
growth, strengthening the global financial architecture and helping the world’s poorest, I am reminded of the ancient Atharva
Veda samhita ‘Indrah somam pibatu ksemo astu na’. Meaning “As long as Lord Indra is drunk with soma juice, I am in high spirits.”
The only real voices I heard articulating the will of Europeans were in the crowds outside the G-20. I have lived in Europe for two
decades and, never before have I seen tens of thousands of Europeans who marched through Berlin, Vienna, Paris and other
European cities to demand action on poverty, job losses and climate change. And, their mood was of exhaustion and
disillusionment. When the celebrations have died down, it will be easier to look at what actually happened in London with a
tranquil mind.
In my view, the summit participants took the easy way out. Their decision to pump a further $5 trillion into the collapsing world
economy within the foreseeable future could indeed prove to be the undesirable Hobson’s choice. In combating this crisis, it
seems to me that the international community is in fact setting the foundation for a consequent crisis, which will outsize the
current one. Miserably, at the summit, the crucial questions went unanswered because they weren’t even asked. Why are we in the
current situation anyway? Who or what has gotten us into this mess? The EU counts on exports as a stimulus to the economy, like
Asia, something the US abandoned long ago. Though the sub-prime rage infected Europe too, its financial woes shoot primarily
from the US, with its unbridled consumerism and wars, and will never be solved until the US puts its house in order. What was
peddled even a year ago as a joyous community, a big happy family, is now a dysfunctional one, complete with sibling rivalry,
spoiled brats and marital strife.
The number that has been bandied about is beyond the comprehension of “Joe, the plumber”. Almost all world leaders are also
unable to figure out the enormity of the global debt-quicksand. There have been suggestions that if all these papers were to be
shredded and the debts written off, the global banks’ balance sheets would be wiped clean of such toxic assets. As a result the
economy would restart and the good old days of cheap credit and unrestrained consumption would usher another boom. This is a
fairy tale. In the old days, when hoodlums wanted to make someone disappear for good, they would tie his legs together and
attach the rope to a heavy object and throw the poor fellow into a lake or sea. The current financial system is not unlike the man
who has been thrown overboard and being dragged down by the heavy object. The only chance for survival is if the man could
somehow loosen the rope and detach the weight from his legs and swim to the surface.
In short, the farmers, like all the millions of gamblers who have been ensnared by the global casino, are now in the debt trap and
being slowly dragged down to the bottom of the lake. Therefore, pumping hundreds of billions into the banks will not solve the
problem. When millions are caught in the debt trap and there is no way out, and they see billions been given to the Wall Street fat
cats, lynching parties will be the order of the day. The countdown has started. With unemployment soaring many European Union
countries want the migrant workers they once attracted, to go home as quickly as possible. They are sparing no expense or effort
to encourage them to leave.
After the European Union’s eastward expansion in 2004, tens of thousands of Asians found jobs in Polish, Czech and Slovak factories,
where they were welcomed with open arms to fill the jobs that one million Poles and hundreds of thousands of Czechs, Balts, Slovaks
and Hungarians had left behind when they migrated to the wealthier EU countries. Ireland, Great Britain and Sweden, unlike Germany
and Austria, had immediately opened their borders to citizens of the new Member States, and Spain followed suit two years later. Once
the global economic crisis erupted, those days were over. Unemployment has risen twice as fast in Great Britain and Spain as elsewhere
in Europe. Now the citizens of Western European countries need the jobs themselves, and their Governments are resorting to all kinds of
tricks and incentives to get rid of the hands they once needed so badly. The G-20 has just put a fresh coat of paint on a world that is
rotting. Only a strong popular call-up will make it possible to lay solid foundations to build another world, in which finance is at the
service of people, and not the other way round.
I. need to settle down and analyse the events at the summit with a composed mind.
II. took the easy way out of finding a solution to the economic crisis, by deciding to pump in huge funds into the economy.
III. couldn’t even perceive the real questions to be answered.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

PASSAGE III
Over 60 years have passed since India got its independence. With the passage of time, one hoped, Indian democracy would
become vibrant and strong. There are many pillars of democracy, including an independent judiciary, a free press, and free and fair
elections. We have the first two intact to a great extent, but not the third. We are on the threshold of a new round of elections – the
15th general election to the Lok Sabha and Assembly election in three States – and political parties are vying with one another to
win votes.
Most reprehensibly, efforts are made to acquire the support of criminals. In the 14th Lok Sabha, as many as 93 MPs had criminal
charges pending against them. Their trial proceedings have not attained finality. Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP)
Act, 1951 requires a conviction for a period of over two years to disqualify a candidate from contesting. If he is found guilty of
offence under special laws, he would stand disqualified irrespective of the period of sentence. The principle that is relied upon to
protect the candidate from disqualification when serious charges are pending is that of criminal jurisprudence – that a person is
presumed innocent unless found guilty.
However, this is only for the purpose of preventing punishment by way of incarceration or fine. There is no fundamental right to
contest an election to Parliament or a Legislative Assembly. A statute can take away the right of such a person to contest, on the
basis of the higher principle of maintaining the purity of elections. Under criminal law, there are at least three stages at which an
accused can be relieved of charges. A magistrate trying an offence has first to take cognizance of the charge sheet and then satisfy
himself that prima facie an offence has been made out, after applying his mind to the statements and the documents annexed to
the Police Report. The case could be closed at this stage. Thereafter the accused has an opportunity at the time of framing of
charges to show that no prima facie as is made out or that no reasonable grounds exist to suspect him of the commission of the
offence. He would then be discharged.
Lastly, an accused could seek quashing of charges under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code. It would, therefore, be
incorrect to apply the presumption of innocence, in a wooden fashion, to the issue of disqualification of a candidate contesting
elections without taking note of the damage that otherwise would be caused to the democratic process. Section 8 of the RP Act
will have to be amended so that a person against whom charges have been framed by a court for an offence mentioned in Section
8(1), or a person who is charged with an offence which carries a sentence of imprisonment of more than two years, would stand
disqualified.
However, it is only in a case where the charge sheet has been filed a year prior to the notification of elections that disqualification
should apply. Otherwise a rival could easily file a false case and have a charge sheet framed, leaving no time for the accused to get a
discharge or have the charge sheet set aside. In the absence of such an amendment to Section 8 of the RP Act, the Supreme
Court in 2002 delivered a judgment in Association of Democratic Reforms, requiring every candidate to disclose, at the time of
filing of nomination, any charges pending against him for offences that may involve punishment for a period above two years or
otherwise. It will be a great day for India if, instead of an amendment to the RP Act, every party obtains from prospective
candidates statement of the pending criminal cases against them and allots the ticket only to such among them who possess an
clean record. Perhaps Section 29-A should be amended to incorporate in the Constitution and objectives of all parties that no
candidate with criminal charges pending against him would be allotted the ticket.
The RP Act has applied a different yardstick in the case of one who is convicted while being an MP or MLA. In such a case, a conviction
even for one of the serious offences mentioned in Section 8, or for a period exceeding two years, will not cause disqualification. In
another case concerning a candidate in an election, the Supreme Court has held that not only would such candidate have to prefer an
appeal or revision petition, but he would have to get a stay on the sentence and of the conviction, to prevent disqualification. This
would mean the candidate would have to establish before the appellate court that the findings rendered against him by the trial court
are unjustified or perverse. In the case of a sitting legislator, however, by reason of Section 8(4), the mere filing of an appeal would
operate as a stay of disqualification, even if bail was refused and he obtained neither stay of conviction nor a stay of sentence,
obviously, this would seem to be discriminatory and violative of the equality clause in Article 14 of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the
Supreme Court appears to feel differently about the allegation of discrimination brought about between a sitting legislator and a
candidate. The reasons it gives in Prabhakaran v. Jayarajan for why a legislator must be given special dispensation do not appear to be
sound.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

PASSAGE III
Over 60 years have passed since India got its independence. With the passage of time, one hoped, Indian democracy would
become vibrant and strong. There are many pillars of democracy, including an independent judiciary, a free press, and free and fair
elections. We have the first two intact to a great extent, but not the third. We are on the threshold of a new round of elections – the
15th general election to the Lok Sabha and Assembly election in three States – and political parties are vying with one another to
win votes.
Most reprehensibly, efforts are made to acquire the support of criminals. In the 14th Lok Sabha, as many as 93 MPs had criminal
charges pending against them. Their trial proceedings have not attained finality. Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP)
Act, 1951 requires a conviction for a period of over two years to disqualify a candidate from contesting. If he is found guilty of
offence under special laws, he would stand disqualified irrespective of the period of sentence. The principle that is relied upon to
protect the candidate from disqualification when serious charges are pending is that of criminal jurisprudence – that a person is
presumed innocent unless found guilty.
However, this is only for the purpose of preventing punishment by way of incarceration or fine. There is no fundamental right to
contest an election to Parliament or a Legislative Assembly. A statute can take away the right of such a person to contest, on the
basis of the higher principle of maintaining the purity of elections. Under criminal law, there are at least three stages at which an
accused can be relieved of charges. A magistrate trying an offence has first to take cognizance of the charge sheet and then satisfy
himself that prima facie an offence has been made out, after applying his mind to the statements and the documents annexed to
the Police Report. The case could be closed at this stage. Thereafter the accused has an opportunity at the time of framing of
charges to show that no prima facie as is made out or that no reasonable grounds exist to suspect him of the commission of the
offence. He would then be discharged.
Lastly, an accused could seek quashing of charges under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code. It would, therefore, be
incorrect to apply the presumption of innocence, in a wooden fashion, to the issue of disqualification of a candidate contesting
elections without taking note of the damage that otherwise would be caused to the democratic process. Section 8 of the RP Act
will have to be amended so that a person against whom charges have been framed by a court for an offence mentioned in Section
8(1), or a person who is charged with an offence which carries a sentence of imprisonment of more than two years, would stand
disqualified.
However, it is only in a case where the charge sheet has been filed a year prior to the notification of elections that disqualification
should apply. Otherwise a rival could easily file a false case and have a charge sheet framed, leaving no time for the accused to get a
discharge or have the charge sheet set aside. In the absence of such an amendment to Section 8 of the RP Act, the Supreme
Court in 2002 delivered a judgment in Association of Democratic Reforms, requiring every candidate to disclose, at the time of
filing of nomination, any charges pending against him for offences that may involve punishment for a period above two years or
otherwise. It will be a great day for India if, instead of an amendment to the RP Act, every party obtains from prospective
candidates statement of the pending criminal cases against them and allots the ticket only to such among them who possess an
clean record. Perhaps Section 29-A should be amended to incorporate in the Constitution and objectives of all parties that no
candidate with criminal charges pending against him would be allotted the ticket.
The RP Act has applied a different yardstick in the case of one who is convicted while being an MP or MLA. In such a case, a conviction
even for one of the serious offences mentioned in Section 8, or for a period exceeding two years, will not cause disqualification. In
another case concerning a candidate in an election, the Supreme Court has held that not only would such candidate have to prefer an
appeal or revision petition, but he would have to get a stay on the sentence and of the conviction, to prevent disqualification. This
would mean the candidate would have to establish before the appellate court that the findings rendered against him by the trial court
are unjustified or perverse. In the case of a sitting legislator, however, by reason of Section 8(4), the mere filing of an appeal would
operate as a stay of disqualification, even if bail was refused and he obtained neither stay of conviction nor a stay of sentence,
obviously, this would seem to be discriminatory and violative of the equality clause in Article 14 of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the
Supreme Court appears to feel differently about the allegation of discrimination brought about between a sitting legislator and a
candidate. The reasons it gives in Prabhakaran v. Jayarajan for why a legislator must be given special dispensation do not appear to be
sound.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
PASSAGE III
Over 60 years have passed since India got its independence. With the passage of time, one hoped, Indian democracy would
become vibrant and strong. There are many pillars of democracy, including an independent judiciary, a free press, and free and fair
elections. We have the first two intact to a great extent, but not the third. We are on the threshold of a new round of elections – the
15th general election to the Lok Sabha and Assembly election in three States – and political parties are vying with one another to
win votes.
Most reprehensibly, efforts are made to acquire the support of criminals. In the 14th Lok Sabha, as many as 93 MPs had criminal
charges pending against them. Their trial proceedings have not attained finality. Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP)
Act, 1951 requires a conviction for a period of over two years to disqualify a candidate from contesting. If he is found guilty of
offence under special laws, he would stand disqualified irrespective of the period of sentence. The principle that is relied upon to
protect the candidate from disqualification when serious charges are pending is that of criminal jurisprudence – that a person is
presumed innocent unless found guilty.
However, this is only for the purpose of preventing punishment by way of incarceration or fine. There is no fundamental right to
contest an election to Parliament or a Legislative Assembly. A statute can take away the right of such a person to contest, on the
basis of the higher principle of maintaining the purity of elections. Under criminal law, there are at least three stages at which an
accused can be relieved of charges. A magistrate trying an offence has first to take cognizance of the charge sheet and then satisfy
himself that prima facie an offence has been made out, after applying his mind to the statements and the documents annexed to
the Police Report. The case could be closed at this stage. Thereafter the accused has an opportunity at the time of framing of
charges to show that no prima facie as is made out or that no reasonable grounds exist to suspect him of the commission of the
offence. He would then be discharged.
Lastly, an accused could seek quashing of charges under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code. It would, therefore, be
incorrect to apply the presumption of innocence, in a wooden fashion, to the issue of disqualification of a candidate contesting
elections without taking note of the damage that otherwise would be caused to the democratic process. Section 8 of the RP Act
will have to be amended so that a person against whom charges have been framed by a court for an offence mentioned in Section
8(1), or a person who is charged with an offence which carries a sentence of imprisonment of more than two years, would stand
disqualified.
However, it is only in a case where the charge sheet has been filed a year prior to the notification of elections that disqualification
should apply. Otherwise a rival could easily file a false case and have a charge sheet framed, leaving no time for the accused to get a
discharge or have the charge sheet set aside. In the absence of such an amendment to Section 8 of the RP Act, the Supreme
Court in 2002 delivered a judgment in Association of Democratic Reforms, requiring every candidate to disclose, at the time of
filing of nomination, any charges pending against him for offences that may involve punishment for a period above two years or
otherwise. It will be a great day for India if, instead of an amendment to the RP Act, every party obtains from prospective
candidates statement of the pending criminal cases against them and allots the ticket only to such among them who possess an
clean record. Perhaps Section 29-A should be amended to incorporate in the Constitution and objectives of all parties that no
candidate with criminal charges pending against him would be allotted the ticket.
The RP Act has applied a different yardstick in the case of one who is convicted while being an MP or MLA. In such a case, a conviction
even for one of the serious offences mentioned in Section 8, or for a period exceeding two years, will not cause disqualification. In
another case concerning a candidate in an election, the Supreme Court has held that not only would such candidate have to prefer an
appeal or revision petition, but he would have to get a stay on the sentence and of the conviction, to prevent disqualification. This
would mean the candidate would have to establish before the appellate court that the findings rendered against him by the trial court
are unjustified or perverse. In the case of a sitting legislator, however, by reason of Section 8(4), the mere filing of an appeal would
operate as a stay of disqualification, even if bail was refused and he obtained neither stay of conviction nor a stay of sentence,
obviously, this would seem to be discriminatory and violative of the equality clause in Article 14 of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the
Supreme Court appears to feel differently about the allegation of discrimination brought about between a sitting legislator and a
candidate. The reasons it gives in Prabhakaran v. Jayarajan for why a legislator must be given special dispensation do not appear to be
sound.

Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
PASSAGE III
Over 60 years have passed since India got its independence. With the passage of time, one hoped, Indian democracy would
become vibrant and strong. There are many pillars of democracy, including an independent judiciary, a free press, and free and fair
elections. We have the first two intact to a great extent, but not the third. We are on the threshold of a new round of elections – the
15th general election to the Lok Sabha and Assembly election in three States – and political parties are vying with one another to
win votes.
Most reprehensibly, efforts are made to acquire the support of criminals. In the 14th Lok Sabha, as many as 93 MPs had criminal
charges pending against them. Their trial proceedings have not attained finality. Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP)
Act, 1951 requires a conviction for a period of over two years to disqualify a candidate from contesting. If he is found guilty of
offence under special laws, he would stand disqualified irrespective of the period of sentence. The principle that is relied upon to
protect the candidate from disqualification when serious charges are pending is that of criminal jurisprudence – that a person is
presumed innocent unless found guilty.
However, this is only for the purpose of preventing punishment by way of incarceration or fine. There is no fundamental right to
contest an election to Parliament or a Legislative Assembly. A statute can take away the right of such a person to contest, on the
basis of the higher principle of maintaining the purity of elections. Under criminal law, there are at least three stages at which an
accused can be relieved of charges. A magistrate trying an offence has first to take cognizance of the charge sheet and then satisfy
himself that prima facie an offence has been made out, after applying his mind to the statements and the documents annexed to
the Police Report. The case could be closed at this stage. Thereafter the accused has an opportunity at the time of framing of
charges to show that no prima facie as is made out or that no reasonable grounds exist to suspect him of the commission of the
offence. He would then be discharged.
Lastly, an accused could seek quashing of charges under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code. It would, therefore, be
incorrect to apply the presumption of innocence, in a wooden fashion, to the issue of disqualification of a candidate contesting
elections without taking note of the damage that otherwise would be caused to the democratic process. Section 8 of the RP Act
will have to be amended so that a person against whom charges have been framed by a court for an offence mentioned in Section
8(1), or a person who is charged with an offence which carries a sentence of imprisonment of more than two years, would stand
disqualified.
However, it is only in a case where the charge sheet has been filed a year prior to the notification of elections that disqualification
should apply. Otherwise a rival could easily file a false case and have a charge sheet framed, leaving no time for the accused to get a
discharge or have the charge sheet set aside. In the absence of such an amendment to Section 8 of the RP Act, the Supreme
Court in 2002 delivered a judgment in Association of Democratic Reforms, requiring every candidate to disclose, at the time of
filing of nomination, any charges pending against him for offences that may involve punishment for a period above two years or
otherwise. It will be a great day for India if, instead of an amendment to the RP Act, every party obtains from prospective
candidates statement of the pending criminal cases against them and allots the ticket only to such among them who possess an
clean record. Perhaps Section 29-A should be amended to incorporate in the Constitution and objectives of all parties that no
candidate with criminal charges pending against him would be allotted the ticket.
The RP Act has applied a different yardstick in the case of one who is convicted while being an MP or MLA. In such a case, a conviction
even for one of the serious offences mentioned in Section 8, or for a period exceeding two years, will not cause disqualification. In
another case concerning a candidate in an election, the Supreme Court has held that not only would such candidate have to prefer an
appeal or revision petition, but he would have to get a stay on the sentence and of the conviction, to prevent disqualification. This
would mean the candidate would have to establish before the appellate court that the findings rendered against him by the trial court
are unjustified or perverse. In the case of a sitting legislator, however, by reason of Section 8(4), the mere filing of an appeal would
operate as a stay of disqualification, even if bail was refused and he obtained neither stay of conviction nor a stay of sentence,
obviously, this would seem to be discriminatory and violative of the equality clause in Article 14 of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the
Supreme Court appears to feel differently about the allegation of discrimination brought about between a sitting legislator and a
candidate. The reasons it gives in Prabhakaran v. Jayarajan for why a legislator must be given special dispensation do not appear to be
sound.

Read the passage and answer the question that follows.
PASSAGE III
Over 60 years have passed since India got its independence. With the passage of time, one hoped, Indian democracy would
become vibrant and strong. There are many pillars of democracy, including an independent judiciary, a free press, and free and fair
elections. We have the first two intact to a great extent, but not the third. We are on the threshold of a new round of elections – the
15th general election to the Lok Sabha and Assembly election in three States – and political parties are vying with one another to
win votes.
Most reprehensibly, efforts are made to acquire the support of criminals. In the 14th Lok Sabha, as many as 93 MPs had criminal
charges pending against them. Their trial proceedings have not attained finality. Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP)
Act, 1951 requires a conviction for a period of over two years to disqualify a candidate from contesting. If he is found guilty of
offence under special laws, he would stand disqualified irrespective of the period of sentence. The principle that is relied upon to
protect the candidate from disqualification when serious charges are pending is that of criminal jurisprudence – that a person is
presumed innocent unless found guilty.
However, this is only for the purpose of preventing punishment by way of incarceration or fine. There is no fundamental right to
contest an election to Parliament or a Legislative Assembly. A statute can take away the right of such a person to contest, on the
basis of the higher principle of maintaining the purity of elections. Under criminal law, there are at least three stages at which an
accused can be relieved of charges. A magistrate trying an offence has first to take cognizance of the charge sheet and then satisfy
himself that prima facie an offence has been made out, after applying his mind to the statements and the documents annexed to
the Police Report. The case could be closed at this stage. Thereafter the accused has an opportunity at the time of framing of
charges to show that no prima facie as is made out or that no reasonable grounds exist to suspect him of the commission of the
offence. He would then be discharged.
Lastly, an accused could seek quashing of charges under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code. It would, therefore, be
incorrect to apply the presumption of innocence, in a wooden fashion, to the issue of disqualification of a candidate contesting
elections without taking note of the damage that otherwise would be caused to the democratic process. Section 8 of the RP Act
will have to be amended so that a person against whom charges have been framed by a court for an offence mentioned in Section
8(1), or a person who is charged with an offence which carries a sentence of imprisonment of more than two years, would stand
disqualified.
However, it is only in a case where the charge sheet has been filed a year prior to the notification of elections that disqualification
should apply. Otherwise a rival could easily file a false case and have a charge sheet framed, leaving no time for the accused to get a
discharge or have the charge sheet set aside. In the absence of such an amendment to Section 8 of the RP Act, the Supreme
Court in 2002 delivered a judgment in Association of Democratic Reforms, requiring every candidate to disclose, at the time of
filing of nomination, any charges pending against him for offences that may involve punishment for a period above two years or
otherwise. It will be a great day for India if, instead of an amendment to the RP Act, every party obtains from prospective
candidates statement of the pending criminal cases against them and allots the ticket only to such among them who possess an
clean record. Perhaps Section 29-A should be amended to incorporate in the Constitution and objectives of all parties that no
candidate with criminal charges pending against him would be allotted the ticket.
The RP Act has applied a different yardstick in the case of one who is convicted while being an MP or MLA. In such a case, a conviction
even for one of the serious offences mentioned in Section 8, or for a period exceeding two years, will not cause disqualification. In
another case concerning a candidate in an election, the Supreme Court has held that not only would such candidate have to prefer an
appeal or revision petition, but he would have to get a stay on the sentence and of the conviction, to prevent disqualification. This
would mean the candidate would have to establish before the appellate court that the findings rendered against him by the trial court
are unjustified or perverse. In the case of a sitting legislator, however, by reason of Section 8(4), the mere filing of an appeal would
operate as a stay of disqualification, even if bail was refused and he obtained neither stay of conviction nor a stay of sentence,
obviously, this would seem to be discriminatory and violative of the equality clause in Article 14 of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the
Supreme Court appears to feel differently about the allegation of discrimination brought about between a sitting legislator and a
candidate. The reasons it gives in Prabhakaran v. Jayarajan for why a legislator must be given special dispensation do not appear to be
sound.

Answer the question that follows.
Among the several citrus fruits, acid lime is one of the most prolific yielder, and this crop can be profitably grown in the tropical
plains and hill slopes with scant water resources. It comes up well in sandy loam rich in organic residues endowed with adequate
drainage. Good quality grafts are ideal for raising a healthy and productive lime garden. The grafts yield true-to-parent plants of
high yielding potential, and are early bearers. They also bear big fruits all through the year. However, the longevity of the grafts is
less as compared with the trees developed from the seeds, according to experts. Seeds extracted from healthy fruits from proven
mother plants will develop into robust plants with longer life.
The main field should be thoroughly tilled, and ripe farmyard manure should be incorporated well with the final ploughing and
land leveling. Green manuring will also help in increasing the soil’s organic matter content, and in improving the soil structure. A
spacing of 6 m by 6 m is recommended for raising acid lime plantation. Pits of 90 cm by 90 cm are to be dug, and filled up with
adequate quantities of vermin-compost, coir-pith compost and small amounts of powdered neem cake and bio-fertilizers. About
250 plants can be accommodated in a hectare. Regular irrigation is essential in the early stages of crop establishment. Drip
irrigation, pitcher irrigation and micro-sprinklers have been found to give good results, besides saving considerable quantities of
water and energy.
In the initial months after planting, sufficient shade should be provided to protect the tender seedings and grafts from harsh sun.
Planting Sesbania (agathi) around the young plants will be effective in ensuring the required shade, besides enriching the soil.
Several annual crops such as pulses and vegetables, can be raised as intercrops in the initial years. The plants should be trained to
grow vertically by discouraging the lateral shoots and other growths. Regular pruning to get the desired dome-shape should be
done when the plants are still young. The field should be kept free of weed and other unwanted vegetation. Regular manuring
should be done twice annually. The nutrients, mostly organic in nature, should be incorporated at the base of the plants, and
watered immediately. The plants particularly respond well to liberal application of organic amendments. The micro-nutrient
deficiencies will not be noticed in acid lime plantations raised with rich organic nutrients.
Plants protection is an important aspect in acid lime cultivation. The plants should be sprayed with cow’s urine, vermin-wash and other
botanical insecticides to ward off leaf-munching caterpillars and other sucking and chewing pests. Need-based application after
monitoring the field for pest incidence will be rewarding. Spraying should be taken up at an interval of ten days, and it will also improve
the fruit setting and fruit development. The plants will establish well and start yielding from the second year of planting. Though the
fruits can be had all round the year, some major flushes can be harvested in December-January and July-August seasons. A well nurtured
grown-up tree can yield as high as 3000 fruits a year. The profit for the growers depends on the season and the prevailing market rate.
With an average price of Rs. 0.35 a fruit, a farmer can realize about Rs. 2.5 lakhs from a hectare of a healthy and well-tended acid lime
garden.
It can be inferred from the passage that
I. the quality and size of fruits depend upon the longevity of the plants.
II. the yield of grafts is less as compared to the trees developed from the seeds.
III. there is not much of a difference between grafts and the trees developed from the seeds, except in life.

Answer the question that follows.
Among the several citrus fruits, acid lime is one of the most prolific yielder, and this crop can be profitably grown in the tropical
plains and hill slopes with scant water resources. It comes up well in sandy loam rich in organic residues endowed with adequate
drainage. Good quality grafts are ideal for raising a healthy and productive lime garden. The grafts yield true-to-parent plants of
high yielding potential, and are early bearers. They also bear big fruits all through the year. However, the longevity of the grafts is
less as compared with the trees developed from the seeds, according to experts. Seeds extracted from healthy fruits from proven
mother plants will develop into robust plants with longer life.
The main field should be thoroughly tilled, and ripe farmyard manure should be incorporated well with the final ploughing and
land leveling. Green manuring will also help in increasing the soil’s organic matter content, and in improving the soil structure. A
spacing of 6 m by 6 m is recommended for raising acid lime plantation. Pits of 90 cm by 90 cm are to be dug, and filled up with
adequate quantities of vermin-compost, coir-pith compost and small amounts of powdered neem cake and bio-fertilizers. About
250 plants can be accommodated in a hectare. Regular irrigation is essential in the early stages of crop establishment. Drip
irrigation, pitcher irrigation and micro-sprinklers have been found to give good results, besides saving considerable quantities of
water and energy.
In the initial months after planting, sufficient shade should be provided to protect the tender seedings and grafts from harsh sun.
Planting Sesbania (agathi) around the young plants will be effective in ensuring the required shade, besides enriching the soil.
Several annual crops such as pulses and vegetables, can be raised as intercrops in the initial years. The plants should be trained to
grow vertically by discouraging the lateral shoots and other growths. Regular pruning to get the desired dome-shape should be
done when the plants are still young. The field should be kept free of weed and other unwanted vegetation. Regular manuring
should be done twice annually. The nutrients, mostly organic in nature, should be incorporated at the base of the plants, and
watered immediately. The plants particularly respond well to liberal application of organic amendments. The micro-nutrient
deficiencies will not be noticed in acid lime plantations raised with rich organic nutrients.
Plants protection is an important aspect in acid lime cultivation. The plants should be sprayed with cow’s urine, vermin-wash and other
botanical insecticides to ward off leaf-munching caterpillars and other sucking and chewing pests. Need-based application after
monitoring the field for pest incidence will be rewarding. Spraying should be taken up at an interval of ten days, and it will also improve
the fruit setting and fruit development. The plants will establish well and start yielding from the second year of planting. Though the
fruits can be had all round the year, some major flushes can be harvested in December-January and July-August seasons. A well nurtured
grown-up tree can yield as high as 3000 fruits a year. The profit for the growers depends on the season and the prevailing market rate.
With an average price of Rs. 0.35 a fruit, a farmer can realize about Rs. 2.5 lakhs from a hectare of a healthy and well-tended acid lime
garden.

Answer the question that follows.
Among the several citrus fruits, acid lime is one of the most prolific yielder, and this crop can be profitably grown in the tropical
plains and hill slopes with scant water resources. It comes up well in sandy loam rich in organic residues endowed with adequate
drainage. Good quality grafts are ideal for raising a healthy and productive lime garden. The grafts yield true-to-parent plants of
high yielding potential, and are early bearers. They also bear big fruits all through the year. However, the longevity of the grafts is
less as compared with the trees developed from the seeds, according to experts. Seeds extracted from healthy fruits from proven
mother plants will develop into robust plants with longer life.
The main field should be thoroughly tilled, and ripe farmyard manure should be incorporated well with the final ploughing and
land leveling. Green manuring will also help in increasing the soil’s organic matter content, and in improving the soil structure. A
spacing of 6 m by 6 m is recommended for raising acid lime plantation. Pits of 90 cm by 90 cm are to be dug, and filled up with
adequate quantities of vermin-compost, coir-pith compost and small amounts of powdered neem cake and bio-fertilizers. About
250 plants can be accommodated in a hectare. Regular irrigation is essential in the early stages of crop establishment. Drip
irrigation, pitcher irrigation and micro-sprinklers have been found to give good results, besides saving considerable quantities of
water and energy.
In the initial months after planting, sufficient shade should be provided to protect the tender seedings and grafts from harsh sun.
Planting Sesbania (agathi) around the young plants will be effective in ensuring the required shade, besides enriching the soil.
Several annual crops such as pulses and vegetables, can be raised as intercrops in the initial years. The plants should be trained to
grow vertically by discouraging the lateral shoots and other growths. Regular pruning to get the desired dome-shape should be
done when the plants are still young. The field should be kept free of weed and other unwanted vegetation. Regular manuring
should be done twice annually. The nutrients, mostly organic in nature, should be incorporated at the base of the plants, and
watered immediately. The plants particularly respond well to liberal application of organic amendments. The micro-nutrient
deficiencies will not be noticed in acid lime plantations raised with rich organic nutrients.
Plants protection is an important aspect in acid lime cultivation. The plants should be sprayed with cow’s urine, vermin-wash and other
botanical insecticides to ward off leaf-munching caterpillars and other sucking and chewing pests. Need-based application after
monitoring the field for pest incidence will be rewarding. Spraying should be taken up at an interval of ten days, and it will also improve
the fruit setting and fruit development. The plants will establish well and start yielding from the second year of planting. Though the
fruits can be had all round the year, some major flushes can be harvested in December-January and July-August seasons. A well nurtured
grown-up tree can yield as high as 3000 fruits a year. The profit for the growers depends on the season and the prevailing market rate.
With an average price of Rs. 0.35 a fruit, a farmer can realize about Rs. 2.5 lakhs from a hectare of a healthy and well-tended acid lime
garden.

Answer the question that follows.
Among the several citrus fruits, acid lime is one of the most prolific yielder, and this crop can be profitably grown in the tropical
plains and hill slopes with scant water resources. It comes up well in sandy loam rich in organic residues endowed with adequate
drainage. Good quality grafts are ideal for raising a healthy and productive lime garden. The grafts yield true-to-parent plants of
high yielding potential, and are early bearers. They also bear big fruits all through the year. However, the longevity of the grafts is
less as compared with the trees developed from the seeds, according to experts. Seeds extracted from healthy fruits from proven
mother plants will develop into robust plants with longer life.
The main field should be thoroughly tilled, and ripe farmyard manure should be incorporated well with the final ploughing and
land leveling. Green manuring will also help in increasing the soil’s organic matter content, and in improving the soil structure. A
spacing of 6 m by 6 m is recommended for raising acid lime plantation. Pits of 90 cm by 90 cm are to be dug, and filled up with
adequate quantities of vermin-compost, coir-pith compost and small amounts of powdered neem cake and bio-fertilizers. About
250 plants can be accommodated in a hectare. Regular irrigation is essential in the early stages of crop establishment. Drip
irrigation, pitcher irrigation and micro-sprinklers have been found to give good results, besides saving considerable quantities of
water and energy.
In the initial months after planting, sufficient shade should be provided to protect the tender seedings and grafts from harsh sun.
Planting Sesbania (agathi) around the young plants will be effective in ensuring the required shade, besides enriching the soil.
Several annual crops such as pulses and vegetables, can be raised as intercrops in the initial years. The plants should be trained to
grow vertically by discouraging the lateral shoots and other growths. Regular pruning to get the desired dome-shape should be
done when the plants are still young. The field should be kept free of weed and other unwanted vegetation. Regular manuring
should be done twice annually. The nutrients, mostly organic in nature, should be incorporated at the base of the plants, and
watered immediately. The plants particularly respond well to liberal application of organic amendments. The micro-nutrient
deficiencies will not be noticed in acid lime plantations raised with rich organic nutrients.
Plants protection is an important aspect in acid lime cultivation. The plants should be sprayed with cow’s urine, vermin-wash and other
botanical insecticides to ward off leaf-munching caterpillars and other sucking and chewing pests. Need-based application after
monitoring the field for pest incidence will be rewarding. Spraying should be taken up at an interval of ten days, and it will also improve
the fruit setting and fruit development. The plants will establish well and start yielding from the second year of planting. Though the
fruits can be had all round the year, some major flushes can be harvested in December-January and July-August seasons. A well nurtured
grown-up tree can yield as high as 3000 fruits a year. The profit for the growers depends on the season and the prevailing market rate.
With an average price of Rs. 0.35 a fruit, a farmer can realize about Rs. 2.5 lakhs from a hectare of a healthy and well-tended acid lime
garden.

Answer the question that follows.
Among the several citrus fruits, acid lime is one of the most prolific yielder, and this crop can be profitably grown in the tropical
plains and hill slopes with scant water resources. It comes up well in sandy loam rich in organic residues endowed with adequate
drainage. Good quality grafts are ideal for raising a healthy and productive lime garden. The grafts yield true-to-parent plants of
high yielding potential, and are early bearers. They also bear big fruits all through the year. However, the longevity of the grafts is
less as compared with the trees developed from the seeds, according to experts. Seeds extracted from healthy fruits from proven
mother plants will develop into robust plants with longer life.
The main field should be thoroughly tilled, and ripe farmyard manure should be incorporated well with the final ploughing and
land leveling. Green manuring will also help in increasing the soil’s organic matter content, and in improving the soil structure. A
spacing of 6 m by 6 m is recommended for raising acid lime plantation. Pits of 90 cm by 90 cm are to be dug, and filled up with
adequate quantities of vermin-compost, coir-pith compost and small amounts of powdered neem cake and bio-fertilizers. About
250 plants can be accommodated in a hectare. Regular irrigation is essential in the early stages of crop establishment. Drip
irrigation, pitcher irrigation and micro-sprinklers have been found to give good results, besides saving considerable quantities of
water and energy.
In the initial months after planting, sufficient shade should be provided to protect the tender seedings and grafts from harsh sun.
Planting Sesbania (agathi) around the young plants will be effective in ensuring the required shade, besides enriching the soil.
Several annual crops such as pulses and vegetables, can be raised as intercrops in the initial years. The plants should be trained to
grow vertically by discouraging the lateral shoots and other growths. Regular pruning to get the desired dome-shape should be
done when the plants are still young. The field should be kept free of weed and other unwanted vegetation. Regular manuring
should be done twice annually. The nutrients, mostly organic in nature, should be incorporated at the base of the plants, and
watered immediately. The plants particularly respond well to liberal application of organic amendments. The micro-nutrient
deficiencies will not be noticed in acid lime plantations raised with rich organic nutrients.
Plants protection is an important aspect in acid lime cultivation. The plants should be sprayed with cow’s urine, vermin-wash and other
botanical insecticides to ward off leaf-munching caterpillars and other sucking and chewing pests. Need-based application after
monitoring the field for pest incidence will be rewarding. Spraying should be taken up at an interval of ten days, and it will also improve
the fruit setting and fruit development. The plants will establish well and start yielding from the second year of planting. Though the
fruits can be had all round the year, some major flushes can be harvested in December-January and July-August seasons. A well nurtured
grown-up tree can yield as high as 3000 fruits a year. The profit for the growers depends on the season and the prevailing market rate.
With an average price of Rs. 0.35 a fruit, a farmer can realize about Rs. 2.5 lakhs from a hectare of a healthy and well-tended acid lime
garden.

A. The use of sovereign power poses difficult choices because whether it has been used sensibly or not can be determined
only after the event.
B. Faced with having to stimulate the economy in the sharpest and worst downturn since 1929, governments have responded
by cutting taxes and spending more.
C. That has forced governments to borrow more but, when gorillas walk on Main Street, others have to make way.
D. The idea of monetizing the fiscal deficit, which is gathering steam rather too quickly because the US has also decided to do
so, is a good example of this.
E. The former has, however, made the latter harder because how do you spend more when you are earning less?

A. It is that time of the year when the election finds its way back to being the central topic of discussion.
B. Unlike India, in other democracies, ranging from the US to Zimbabwe, if no candidate secures 51 per cent of the votes, the
top two would be up for a re-run; no doubt that this comes with additional costs and time.
C. To elaborate, say there are three contestants in a constituency and each of them gets 40, 35 and 25 per cent of polled votes
respectively.
D. Leaving aside the usual rhetoric, let us take up a relatively less discussed, nevertheless important, question : If more than 60
per cent of the elected representatives in Parliament have less than 51 per cent of the polled votes, is our democracy really
effective?
E. Are we optimizing taxpayers’ money at the cost of democracy?

A. Last March, I was invited to present a paper on the topic of whether the mistakes of the 20th century would be repeated in
the 21st century as well.
B. The economic crisis hadn’t become grave then.
C. But today the world is in the midst of the biggest economic crisis since 1929.
D. The key difference between then and now is that the old power structures have finally disappeared.
E. Now even the US is pleading for financial help from China.

A. Jawaharlal Nehru, despite his heavy schedule both as a Prime Minister and as a freedom hero constantly in demand, made
it a point to reply to letters under his personal signature within a couple of days of receiving them.
B. That was the time when, following the Chinese invasion of India in October 1962, the load on Nehru was near-unbearable
and he was also in declining health.
C. Even so, he replied to Ramanujam on the very day (April 9) the letter reached him, setting out in detail his approach.
D. What a contrast are the following examples of political decency of bygone days with conditions obtaining today !
E. On April 8, 1963 K.S. Ramanujam, a highly regarded journalist of Madras, wrote to him about the corrupt practices of Ministers,
especially in the matter of collection of funds for elections.

The following contains a paragraph followed by a question. As your answer select the best of the options given.

Consumers are not so easily manipulated as they are often painted. They may know what they want, and what they want may be greatly
different from what other people believe they need.

The following contains a paragraph followed by a question. As your answer select the best of the options given.

Unfortunately, only 11 percent of the driving public uses regular seat belts. Automatic restraints are the answers, and the quicker they are
required, the sooner highways deaths will be reduced.

The following contains a paragraph followed by a question. As your answer select the best of the options given.
Developed countries have made adequate provisions for social security of senior citizens. State insurers (as well as private ones) offer
Medicare and pension benefits to people who can no longer earn. In India, with the collapse of the joint family system, the traditional
shelter of the elderly has disappeared. And a state faced with a financial crunch is not in a position to provide social security. So it is
advisable that the working population give serious thought to building a financial base for itself.

The following contains a paragraph followed by a question. As your answer select the best of the options given.
Organizations are often defined as groups of people who come together to pursue a common goal. But more often than not, goals
diverge as much as they converge, making the rationality of the overall organization no more than an elusive ideal. Beneath the
collective irrationality, however, organizations are often operating in a way that is eminently rational from the standpoint of the
individuals, groups and coalitions directly involved.

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option.

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

Mark the best option

°

In the following question, a statement is given, followed by two conclusions I and II. Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.

Statement:
Black cloud follows thunder; rains follow thunder.
Conclusions:
I. Thunder is the cause of rain
II. Black cloud is the cause of thunder.

In the following question, a statement is given, followed by two conclusions I and II. Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.
Statement:
Workers feel highly motivated when they get a sense of involvement by participating in the management of companies.
Conclusions:
I. Workers should be motivated to produce more.
II. Workers should be allowed to participate in the management of companies.

In the following question, a statement is given, followed by two conclusions I and II. Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.
Statement:
Power consumption in every family has doubled during the last five years.
Conclusions:
I. There is a lot of development in the society.
II. Power rates have become cheaper.

In the following question, a statement is given, followed by two conclusions I and II. Consider the statement and the following conclusions. Decide which of the conclusions follows from the statement.
Statement:
This world is neither good nor evil; each man manufactures a world for himself.
Conclusions:
I. Some people find this world quite good.
II. Some people find this world quite bad.

The following question has a statement followed by two assumptions I and II. Consider the statement and the following assumptions. Decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Statement :
Incentives must be given to strengthen the motivation of employees.
Assumptions :
I. Incentives are expected to motivate employees.
II. Employees at present are not motivated.

The following question has a statement followed by two assumptions I and II. Consider the statement and the following assumptions. Decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Statement :
Despite heavy rains traffic has not been disturbed.
Assumptions :
I. Rains do not affect traffic movement.
II. Adequate precautions were taken for traffic management during rainy season.

The following question has a statement followed by two assumptions I and II. Consider the statement and the following assumptions. Decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Statement :
The government, through a notification, has banned smoking in public places.
Assumptions :
I. People should abide by the notification.
II. The message in the notification will reach the general public.

The following question has a statement followed by two assumptions I and II. Consider the statement and the following assumptions. Decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Statement :
“Wanted a two bedroom-hall-kitchen flat in the college area” – an advertisement.
Assumptions :
I. Landlords generally respond to such advertisements.
II. Flats may be available in the college area.

There is a question followed by two arguments I and II. Decide which of the arguments is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Should religion be taught in our schools?
Arguments:
I. Yes, do the parents not wish to develop their wards into mature individuals?
II. No, how can one dream of such a step when we want the young generation to fulfil its role.

There is a question followed by two arguments I and II. Decide which of the arguments is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Should family planning be made compulsory in India?
Arguments:
I. Yes, looking at the miserable conditions in India, there is no other go.
II. No, in India there are people of various religions and family planning is against the tenets of some of the religions.

There is a question followed by two arguments I and II. Decide which of the arguments is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Should judiciary be independent of the executive?
Arguments:
I. Yes. This would help curb the unlawful activities of the executive.
II. No. The executive would not be able to take bold measures.

There is a question followed by two arguments I and II. Decide which of the arguments is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Should open book systems be introduced in examinations?
Arguments:
I. Yes, because it will avoid mass copying.
II. No, because then all students will get 100% marks.

Read the following information to answer the question.
Five friends A, B, C, D and E wore shirts of green, yellow, pink, red and blue colours and shorts of black, white, grey, blue and green
colours.
Nobody wore shirt and short of same colour.
D wore blue shirt and C wore green short.
The one who wore green shirt, wore black short and the one who wore blue short, wore red shirt.
A wore white short and pink shirt.
E did not wear red shirt.

Five friends A, B, C, D and E wore shirts of green, yellow, pink, red and blue colours and shorts of black, white, grey, blue and green
colours.
Nobody wore shirt and short of same colour.
D wore blue shirt and C wore green short.
The one who wore green shirt, wore black short and the one who wore blue short, wore red shirt.
A wore white short and pink shirt.
E did not wear red shirt.

Five friends A, B, C, D and E wore shirts of green, yellow, pink, red and blue colours and shorts of black, white, grey, blue and green
colours.
Nobody wore shirt and short of same colour.
D wore blue shirt and C wore green short.
The one who wore green shirt, wore black short and the one who wore blue short, wore red shirt.
A wore white short and pink shirt.
E did not wear red shirt.

Five friends A, B, C, D and E wore shirts of green, yellow, pink, red and blue colours and shorts of black, white, grey, blue and green
colours.
Nobody wore shirt and short of same colour.
D wore blue shirt and C wore green short.
The one who wore green shirt, wore black short and the one who wore blue short, wore red shirt.
A wore white short and pink shirt.
E did not wear red shirt.

There are four friends Ravi, Hari, Manu and Jatin. One of them lives at Kanpur and his hobbies are reading and writing. Hari and
Jatin live at Lucknow. Hari’s hobby is stamp collection. Common hobby of two friends staying at Lucknow is coin collection. Ravi
lives at Allahabad. One boy staying at Lucknow also loves to hear music. The boy staying at Allahabad loves to travel and read
comics. All the boys have two hobbies each.

There are four friends Ravi, Hari, Manu and Jatin. One of them lives at Kanpur and his hobbies are reading and writing. Hari and
Jatin live at Lucknow. Hari’s hobby is stamp collection. Common hobby of two friends staying at Lucknow is coin collection. Ravi
lives at Allahabad. One boy staying at Lucknow also loves to hear music. The boy staying at Allahabad loves to travel and read
comics. All the boys have two hobbies each. (Note : reading and reading comics are two different hobbies)