TOEFL-3 Kindly Submit Your Details, Then You Can Start Your Test !! Name Mobile No. Email City State Country Course 1. In paragraph 4, all the following questions are answered EXCEPT: h4 Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprisingobservation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappearere!abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of theCretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after theMesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock,there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long theextinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay andthey thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining theamount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained. A Why is there a layer of clay between the rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic? B Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end of the Cretaceous? C What was the effect of the surprising observation scientists made? D Why did scientists want more information about the dinosaur extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous? 2. Paragraph 5 implies that a special explanation of the Ir in the boundary clay is needed because A the Ir 5 Ir has not been common at Earth’s surface since the very beginning of the planet’s history.Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s coreas the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, inwhich the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopicmeteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how manyof these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how longit might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. Thesecalculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required.However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could nothave taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require aspecial explanation A the Ir in microscopic meteorites reaching Earth during the Cretaceous period would have been incorporated into Earth’s core B the Ir in the boundary clay was deposited much more than a million years ago C the concentration of Ir in the boundary clay is higher than in microscopic meteorites D the amount of Ir in the boundary clay is too great to have come from microscopic meteorites during the time the boundary clay was deposited 3. The word “disruption” in the passage is closest in meaning to A exhaustion B disturbance C modification D disappearance 4. In paragraph 5 of the passage, there is a missing sentence. The paragraph is repeated below and shows four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added. Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be accepted. Where would the sentence best fit? Ir has not been common at Earth’s surface since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. (A) These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. (B) However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. (C) So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation. (D) 5 Ir has not been common at Earth’s surface since the very beginning of the planet’s history.Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s coreas the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, inwhich the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopicmeteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how manyof these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how longit might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. Thesecalculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required.However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could nothave taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require aspecial explanation. A Option A B Option B C Option C D Option D 6. In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D. 150 and 700 EXCEPT 1 The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City,began its growth by 200 –100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probablyhad a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. Ithad over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops,an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern ofstreets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in theexpansion and ordering of this great metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhapsreligious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). A regularly arranged streets B several administrative centers spread across the city C many manufacturing workshops D apartment complexes 7. The word “ingenuity” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to 2 How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the TeotihuacánValley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural traderoute to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian1resources in the TeotihuacánValley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factorsis much more difficult to pinpoint —for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as ashrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the firstmillennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, theimpact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C A ambition B sincerity C faith D cleverness 8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a main factor in the development of Teotihuacán? 2 How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the TeotihuacánValley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural traderoute to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian1resources in the TeotihuacánValley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factorsis much more difficult to pinpoint —for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as ashrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the firstmillennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, theimpact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C A The presence of obsidian in the Teotihuacán Valley B The potential for extensive irrigation of Teotihuacán Valley lands C A long period of volcanic inactivity in the Teotihuacán Valley D Teotihuacán’s location on a natural trade route 9. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.? 3 This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C.,a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around thistime, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption,with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potentialrival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leadingeconomic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearlyindicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force inthe area by the first century A.D. A It was a fairly small city until that date. B It was located outside the Valley of Mexico C It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center D Its economy relied heavily on agriculture. 10. According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown? 4 It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources—along with the city elite’s ability torecognize their potential—gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, likemany other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hardvolcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since therise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparentlyhad a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites hasshown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuriesbefore the great city arose. A Obsidian’s value was understood only when Teotihuacán became an important city. B The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers. C The residents of Teotihuacán traded obsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400 B.C. D Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs came from the area around Teotihuacán. 11. Which of the following allowed Teotihuacán to have “a competitive edge over its neighbors”? A .A well-exploited and readily available commodity B .The presence of a highly stable elite class C Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of toolmaking D Scarce natural resources in nearby areas such as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands 12. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers. 5 Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to awide variety of exotic goods, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may haveattracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciouslyattempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacánmay have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served asan additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed byincreasing the number and size of irrigated fields. A The prosperity of the elite B Plenty of available housing C Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment D The presence of one or more religious shrines 13. In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation,” in order to 6 The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback amongobsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. Thethriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additionalmanufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. Allthis led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. Thegrowing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means tophysically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.More irrigation works would have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resultedin more power and wealth for the elite. A explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán B give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán C illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city D explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time 14. In paragraph 1 of the passage, there is a missing sentence. The paragraph is repeated below and shows four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added. In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Where would the sentence best fit? The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200 –100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. (A) It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. (B) Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. (C) Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). (D) A Option A B Option B C Option C D Option D 15. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information 1 There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither toGreece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of aRoman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and bythat peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realmwere bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, andpsychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons,which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads thatlinked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the commonprinciples of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforcedcommon standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear andpunishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened theauthority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.2 The source of the Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain inthe pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scoresof scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world hadexpanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembledby territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexanderthe Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; andthe Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of seapower. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in itshigh-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greekswere wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart;the Roman, a landsman.3 Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place greatemphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman prioritieslay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it wasthe fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that createdthe habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landedadministration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for militaryorganization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and tothe stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense ofresponsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense ofthe natural order.4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to thethoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially amonghistorians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attractedto the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solidbody of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeedwas the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancientdate would now exist?” 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion andmoral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models bytheir Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman shouldbe fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans madevirtually no advance on early achievements.6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in GrecoRoman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especiallyinto those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, thetensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilitiesof the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers andstatesmen were writers of high caliber. (A) The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm (B) Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm. (C) Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together. (D) Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws. 16. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the Roman world EXCEPT 1. There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither toGreece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of aRoman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and bythat peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realmwere bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, andpsychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons,which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads thatlinked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the commonprinciples of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforcedcommon standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear andpunishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened theauthority of Rome would be utterly destroyed. (A) administrative and legal systems (B) the presence of the military (C) a common language (D) transportation networks 17. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) thinking about (B) fixation on (C) interest in (D) attitude toward 18. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early development? 2 The source of the Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain inthe pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scoresof scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world hadexpanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembledby territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexanderthe Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; andthe Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of seapower. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in itshigh-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greekswere wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart;the Roman, a landsman. (A) Expansion by sea invasion (B) Territorial expansion (C) Expansion from one original settlement (D) Expansion through invading armies 19. Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage? 1 There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither toGreece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of aRoman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and bythat peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realmwere bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, andpsychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons,which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads thatlinked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the commonprinciples of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforcedcommon standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear andpunishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened theauthority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.2 The source of the Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain inthe pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scoresof scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world hadexpanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembledby territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexanderthe Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; andthe Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of seapower. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in itshigh-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greekswere wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart;the Roman, a landsman.3 Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place greatemphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman prioritieslay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it wasthe fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that createdthe habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landedadministration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for militaryorganization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and tothe stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense ofresponsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense ofthe natural order.4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to thethoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially amonghistorians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attractedto the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solidbody of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeedwas the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancientdate would now exist?” 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion andmoral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models bytheir Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman shouldbe fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans madevirtually no advance on early achievements.6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in GrecoRoman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especiallyinto those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, thetensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilitiesof the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers andstatesmen were writers of high caliber. A) To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest (B) To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders (C) To give an example of a Greek leader whom Romans studied (D) To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military 20. The word “fostered” in the passage is closest in meaning to 1 There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither toGreece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of aRoman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and bythat peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realmwere bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, andpsychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons,which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads thatlinked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the commonprinciples of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforcedcommon standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear andpunishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened theauthority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.2 The source of the Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain inthe pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scoresof scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world hadexpanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembledby territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexanderthe Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; andthe Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of seapower. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in itshigh-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greekswere wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart;the Roman, a landsman.3 Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place greatemphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman prioritieslay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it wasthe fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that createdthe habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landedadministration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for militaryorganization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and tothe stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense ofresponsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense ofthe natural order.4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to thethoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially amonghistorians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attractedto the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solidbody of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeedwas the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancientdate would now exist?” 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion andmoral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models bytheir Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman shouldbe fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans madevirtually no advance on early achievements.6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in GrecoRoman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especiallyinto those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, thetensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilitiesof the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers andstatesmen were writers of high caliber. (A) accepted (B) combined (C) introduced (D) encouraged 21. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium? 3 Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place greatemphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman prioritieslay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it wasthe fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that createdthe habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landedadministration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for militaryorganization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and tothe stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense ofresponsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense ofthe natural order. A) Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements. (B) They held different values than the people of Rome. (C) Agriculture played a significant role in their society. (D) They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts. 22. Paragraph 4 indicates that some historians admire Roman civilization because of 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to thethoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially amonghistorians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attractedto the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solidbody of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, merequantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeedwas the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancientdate would now exist?” (A) the diversity of cultures within Roman society (B) its strength (C) its innovative nature (D) the large body of literature that it developed 23. In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to thethoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially amonghistorians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attractedto the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solidbody of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeedwas the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancientdate would now exist?” A) comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals (B) identifying which characteristics of Roman civilization were copied from Greece (C) explaining how the differences between Rome and Greece developed as time passed (D) contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization 24. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization? 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to thethoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially amonghistorians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attractedto the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solidbody of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and thecontinuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money.Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeedwas the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks heldnovelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancientdate would now exist?” (A) Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world. (B) The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans. (C) Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable (D) Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks. 25. The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) abilities (B) areas (C) combinations (D) models 26. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6? 6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in GrecoRoman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especiallyinto those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, thetensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilitiesof the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers andstatesmen were writers of high caliber. (A) They could read and write the Greek language. (B) They frequently wrote poetry and plays (C) They focused their writing on military matters. (D) They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks. 27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean? 1 In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B. F. Ryan were collecting research datawhile aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of thisparticular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questionsabout its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna(animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million yearsago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy speciessurvived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur? A Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions. B .A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’s invertebrates C Some invertebrates migrated to the Atlantic Ocean. D New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned. 28. What does the author imply by saying “Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent”? A The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence. B The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected. C The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble D The different pebbles could not have come from only one source. 29. Select the TWO answer choices from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers. 3 With questions such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerproceeded to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, theyrecovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once beensoft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum1and fragments of volcanic rock. Not asingle pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearbycontinent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck asdrilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possesspeculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats.Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating openocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin,the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the saltwere thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt. A Volcanic rock fragments B Thin silt layers C Soft, deep-sea mud D Crystalline salt 30. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3 ? 3 With questions such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerproceeded to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, theyrecovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once beensoft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum1and fragments of volcanic rock. Not asingle pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearbycontinent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck asdrilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possesspeculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats.Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating openocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin,the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the saltwere thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt. A To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan B To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger C To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor D To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition 31. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters? 4 The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrowstraits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination ofscores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became sodense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt).Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustmentsand faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic,opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters toreinto the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in thefirst sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organismsreturned. Soon layers of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer A The movements of Earth’s crust B The accumulation of sediment layers C Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean D Changes in Earth’s temperature 32. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning to A members B large numbers C populations D different types 33. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct? 4 The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrowstraits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination ofscores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became sodense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt).Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustmentsand faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic,opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters toreinto the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in thefirst sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organismsreturned. Soon layers of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer. A The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival B Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic C The migration of new species through the narrow straits D Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean 34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 4 The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrowstraits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination ofscores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became sodense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt).Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustmentsand faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic,opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters toreinto the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in thefirst sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organismsreturned. Soon layers of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer. A The Strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting. B The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined. C The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas. D As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them 35.In paragraph 2 of the passage, there is a missing sentence. The paragraph is repeated below and shows four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added. Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin. Where would the sentence best fit? (A) Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. (B) These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. (C) Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? (D) 2 Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States GulfCoast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor ofthe Mediterranean? A Option A B Option B C Option C D Option D 36. The word “merge” in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) expand (B) separate (C) straighten out (D) combine 37. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? 1 Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantityon the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels andoutflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flowfeatures are extensive systems—sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length—ofinterconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels.They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think thatthey are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from themountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billionyears ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, thesurface warmer, and liquid water widespread. (A) The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today. (B) Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars. (C) The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s. (D) The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago. 38. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning to 1 Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantityon the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels andoutflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flowfeatures are extensive systems—sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length—ofinterconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels.They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think thatthey are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from themountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billionyears ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, thesurface warmer, and liquid water widespread.2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. Theyappear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnectednetworks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of waterdraining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing waterarising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands”(resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at lowtide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have beentruly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tonsper second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channelsapproximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as the northern volcanicplains formed.3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early periodduring which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—afan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into alarger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence forlarge open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generatedview of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been anancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, whichmeasures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometersbelow the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.4 These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced“beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as alake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain thatthe terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps relatedto the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below thelevel of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martianwater. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicatethat the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containingcompounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance inan ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that neverexperienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However,more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experiencelong periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.5 Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which areinconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on thesurface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere istiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of theoutflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in thepast. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water onMars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained inthe planet’s polar caps. (A) temporary (B) small (C) multiple (D) familiar 39. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon River per second? 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. Theyappear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnectednetworks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of waterdraining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing waterarising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands”(resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at lowtide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have beentruly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tonsper second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channelsapproximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as the northern volcanicplains formed. (A) To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’ outflow channels (B) To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars’ outflow channels were formed (C) To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form (D) To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains 40. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT: 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. Theyappear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnectednetworks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of waterdraining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing waterarising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands”(resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at lowtide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have beentruly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tonsper second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channelsapproximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as the northern volcanicplains formed. (A) They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains (B) They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface. (C) They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches (D) They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions. 41. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT: 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early periodduring which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—afan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into alarger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence forlarge open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generatedview of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been anancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, whichmeasures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometersbelow the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea (A) What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean? (B) Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied? (C) Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water? (D) During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water? 42. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early periodduring which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—afan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into alarger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence forlarge open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generatedview of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been anancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, whichmeasures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometersbelow the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea (A) the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now (B) a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water (C) deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape (D) the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time 43. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early periodduring which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—afan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into alarger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence forlarge open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generatedview of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been anancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, whichmeasures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometersbelow the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea A) the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now (B) a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water (C) deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape (D) the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time 44. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about liquid water on Mars? 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early periodduring which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—afan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into alarger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence forlarge open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generatedview of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been anancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, whichmeasures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometersbelow the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea (A) If ancient oceans ever existed on Mars’ surface, it is likely that the water in them has evaporated by now (B) If there is any liquid water at all on Mars’ surface today, its quantity is much smaller than the amount that likely existed there in the past. (C) Small-scale gullies on Mars provide convincing evidence that liquid water existed on Mars in the recent past. (D) The small amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere suggests that there has never been liquid water on Mars 45. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information 1 Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantityon the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels andoutflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flowfeatures are extensive systems—sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length—ofinterconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels.They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think thatthey are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from themountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billionyears ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, thesurface warmer, and liquid water widespread.2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. Theyappear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnectednetworks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of waterdraining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing waterarising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands”(resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at lowtide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have beentruly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tonsper second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channelsapproximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as the northern volcanicplains formed.3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early periodduring which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—afan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into alarger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands.Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence forlarge open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generatedview of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been anancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, whichmeasures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometersbelow the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.4 These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced“beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as alake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain thatthe terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps relatedto the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below thelevel of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martianwater. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicatethat the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containingcompounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance inan ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that neverexperienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However,more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experiencelong periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.5 Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which areinconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on thesurface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere istiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of theoutflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in thepast. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water onMars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained inthe planet’s polar caps. (A) But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces. (B) But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water (C) But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south. (D) But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water 46. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars? 4 These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced“beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as alake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain thatthe terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps relatedto the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below thelevel of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martianwater. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicatethat the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containingcompounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance inan ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that neverexperienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However,more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experiencelong periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface. (A) Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon. (B) The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water. (C) Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars’ surface for long periods of time. (D) The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather. 47. The word “hints” in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) clues (B) features (C) arguments (D) effects 48. What is the lecture mainly about? (A) Different kinds of trees used for building canoes (B) Various methods of Native American transportation (C) The value of birch trees to some Native American groups (D) The trading of birch wood products by Europeans in North America 49. According to the professor, what characteristics of birch bark made it useful to Native Americans? [A] It repels water. [B] It can be eaten. [C] It is easy to fold. [D] It has a rough texture. 50. According to the professor, why was the canoe important to some Native American groups? [A] There was a network of waterways where they lived. [B] Snowy winters made land travel too difficult. [C] Some Native American groups sold their canoes to other groups. [D] Canoe travel helped form relationships between groups of Native Americans. Warning: Undefined array key "correct_answer_logic" in /home/kaling/public_html/kalingaplus/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/php/classes/class-qmn-quiz-manager.php on line 451 Time's up