IELTS-3 Kindly Submit Your Details, Then You Can Start Your Test !! Name Mobile No. Email City State Country Course 1. Skill Team is an example of a company which The general assumption is that older workers are paid more in spite of, rather than becauseof, their productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure tocut costs, they persuade a 55-year old to take early retirement. Take away seniority-basedpay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition.But most employers and many workers are uncomfortable with the idea of reducingsomeone’s pay in later life – although manual workers on piece-rates often earn less as theyget older. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in differentways.One innovation was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, andhaving decided to concentrate cuts on 55 to 60-year olds, IBM set up a separate companycalled Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on workingup to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-yearcontract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary.The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of theintellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such ‘bridge’ jobs: parttime or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work toretirement. Studies have found that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and womenwho had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such ‘bridge’ jobs at the end of theirworking lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working. Thereseem to be two very different types of bridge job-holder – those who continue workingbecause they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even thoughthey could afford to retire.If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, theywill be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by DavidStorey of Warwick University found that in Britain 70% of businesses started by people over55 survived, compared with an overall national average of only 19%. But whatever pattern ofemployment they choose, in the coming years the skills of these ‘grey workers’ will have tobe increasingly acknowledged and rewarded. A .offers older workers increases in salary B .allows people to continue working for as long as they want C .allows the expertise of older workers to be put to use D .treats older and younger workers equally. 2. According to the writer, ‘bridge’ jobs The general assumption is that older workers are paid more in spite of, rather than becauseof, their productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure tocut costs, they persuade a 55-year old to take early retirement. Take away seniority-basedpay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition.But most employers and many workers are uncomfortable with the idea of reducingsomeone’s pay in later life – although manual workers on piece-rates often earn less as theyget older. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in differentways.One innovation was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, andhaving decided to concentrate cuts on 55 to 60-year olds, IBM set up a separate companycalled Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on workingup to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-yearcontract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary.The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of theintellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such ‘bridge’ jobs: parttime or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work toretirement. Studies have found that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and womenwho had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such ‘bridge’ jobs at the end of theirworking lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working. Thereseem to be two very different types of bridge job-holder – those who continue workingbecause they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even thoughthey could afford to retire.If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, theywill be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by DavidStorey of Warwick University found that in Britain 70% of businesses started by people over55 survived, compared with an overall national average of only 19%. But whatever pattern ofemployment they choose, in the coming years the skills of these ‘grey workers’ will have tobe increasingly acknowledged and rewarded. A .tend to attract people in middle-salary ranges. B. are better paid than some full-time jobs. C .originated in the United States. D. appeal to distinct groups of older workers. 3. David Storey’s study found that The general assumption is that older workers are paid more in spite of, rather than becauseof, their productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure tocut costs, they persuade a 55-year old to take early retirement. Take away seniority-basedpay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition.But most employers and many workers are uncomfortable with the idea of reducingsomeone’s pay in later life – although manual workers on piece-rates often earn less as theyget older. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in differentways.One innovation was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, andhaving decided to concentrate cuts on 55 to 60-year olds, IBM set up a separate companycalled Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on workingup to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-yearcontract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary.The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of theintellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such ‘bridge’ jobs: parttime or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work toretirement. Studies have found that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and womenwho had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such ‘bridge’ jobs at the end of theirworking lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working. Thereseem to be two very different types of bridge job-holder – those who continue workingbecause they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even thoughthey could afford to retire.If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, theywill be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by DavidStorey of Warwick University found that in Britain 70% of businesses started by people over55 survived, compared with an overall national average of only 19%. But whatever pattern ofemployment they choose, in the coming years the skills of these ‘grey workers’ will have tobe increasingly acknowledged and rewarded A .people demand more from their work as they get older. B .older people are good at running their own businesses. C. an increasing number of old people are self-employed. D .few young people have their own businesses. 4. What title best expresses the ideas in the passage? P1: Penguins breed by producing eggs. Both parents take turns in incubating the eggs, which typicallylasts for eight weeks, although larger eggs from larger birds might take a little longer. When the chickis fully developed, it carefully chisels its way out of the egg using a little notch at the end of its beak.Upon emerging, the chicks are dependent on their parents to protect them from the elements, frompredators and for their daily supply of food.P2: As in the incubation stage, both parents take it in turn to care for their young by alternatingbetween the roles of food gather and guardian of the nest. The young are always in close proximity totheir parents, either sitting on their parents' feet or under their bellies. As days go by, a thickprotective coat of downy feathers begins to grow which keeps the chicks warm and slowly allowsthem to seek independence from the nest within confined limits.P3: As the chicks rapidly put on weight, providing adequate quantities becomes a problem so bothparents need to hunt for food. Since the chicks cannot be left unprotected, they are gathered together ingroups, often tightly packed together for extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a sizeapproximating their parents, they begin to moult into juvenile plumage and are ready to take their firsttrips out to sea.P4: The time from birth to this stage can vary from about six weeks to double that time in mostspecies but some penguin groups take many months.P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need to quickly learn where the best places tocatch their food are and how to avoid the predators that lurk in the sea. The research that has beendone so far indicates that less than one half of the young penguins that go out to sea each year surviveinto adulthood.P6: At the one-year stage, moulting happens again at which point the young start to look very muchlike their parents. At age two, most species of penguin are biologically programmed to turn theirattention to breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild probably live up toabout 20 years of age, although research has yet to confirm this A. The breeding habits of penguins B. The life cycle of penguins C. The characteristics of penguins D. Penguins in danger 5. Both parents need to gather food because P1: Penguins breed by producing eggs. Both parents take turns in incubating the eggs, which typicallylasts for eight weeks, although larger eggs from larger birds might take a little longer. When the chickis fully developed, it carefully chisels its way out of the egg using a little notch at the end of its beak.Upon emerging, the chicks are dependent on their parents to protect them from the elements, frompredators and for their daily supply of food.P2: As in the incubation stage, both parents take it in turn to care for their young by alternatingbetween the roles of food gather and guardian of the nest. The young are always in close proximity totheir parents, either sitting on their parents' feet or under their bellies. As days go by, a thickprotective coat of downy feathers begins to grow which keeps the chicks warm and slowly allowsthem to seek independence from the nest within confined limits.P3: As the chicks rapidly put on weight, providing adequate quantities becomes a problem so bothparents need to hunt for food. Since the chicks cannot be left unprotected, they are gathered together ingroups, often tightly packed together for extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a sizeapproximating their parents, they begin to moult into juvenile plumage and are ready to take their firsttrips out to sea.P4: The time from birth to this stage can vary from about six weeks to double that time in mostspecies but some penguin groups take many months.P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need to quickly learn where the best places tocatch their food are and how to avoid the predators that lurk in the sea. The research that has beendone so far indicates that less than one half of the young penguins that go out to sea each year surviveinto adulthood.P6: At the one-year stage, moulting happens again at which point the young start to look very muchlike their parents. At age two, most species of penguin are biologically programmed to turn theirattention to breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild probably live up toabout 20 years of age, although research has yet to confirm this A. many young are born at the same time. B. sea food is difficult to obtain C. temperatures require penguins to eat heavily. D. growing penguins eat more and more 6. Which one of the following statements is not true? lasts for eight weeks, although larger eggs from larger birds might take a little longer. When the chickis fully developed, it carefully chisels its way out of the egg using a little notch at the end of its beak.Upon emerging, the chicks are dependent on their parents to protect them from the elements, frompredators and for their daily supply of food.P2: As in the incubation stage, both parents take it in turn to care for their young by alternatingbetween the roles of food gather and guardian of the nest. The young are always in close proximity totheir parents, either sitting on their parents' feet or under their bellies. As days go by, a thickprotective coat of downy feathers begins to grow which keeps the chicks warm and slowly allowsthem to seek independence from the nest within confined limits.P3: As the chicks rapidly put on weight, providing adequate quantities becomes a problem so bothparents need to hunt for food. Since the chicks cannot be left unprotected, they are gathered together ingroups, often tightly packed together for extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a sizeapproximating their parents, they begin to moult into juvenile plumage and are ready to take their firsttrips out to sea.P4: The time from birth to this stage can vary from about six weeks to double that time in mostspecies but some penguin groups take many months.P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need to quickly learn where the best places tocatch their food are and how to avoid the predators that lurk in the sea. The research that has beendone so far indicates that less than one half of the young penguins that go out to sea each year surviveinto adulthood.P6: At the one-year stage, moulting happens again at which point the young start to look very muchlike their parents. At age two, most species of penguin are biologically programmed to turn theirattention to breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild probably live up toabout 20 years of age, although research has yet to confirm this A. Penguins can produce young before two years of age. B. Many penguins die in the sea. C. Both parents collect food for the young penguins. D. Penguins' feathers grow before they enter the sea. 7. Penguins leave the nest for the sea lasts for eight weeks, although larger eggs from larger birds might take a little longer. When the chickis fully developed, it carefully chisels its way out of the egg using a little notch at the end of its beak.Upon emerging, the chicks are dependent on their parents to protect them from the elements, frompredators and for their daily supply of food.P2: As in the incubation stage, both parents take it in turn to care for their young by alternatingbetween the roles of food gather and guardian of the nest. The young are always in close proximity totheir parents, either sitting on their parents' feet or under their bellies. As days go by, a thickprotective coat of downy feathers begins to grow which keeps the chicks warm and slowly allowsthem to seek independence from the nest within confined limits.P3: As the chicks rapidly put on weight, providing adequate quantities becomes a problem so bothparents need to hunt for food. Since the chicks cannot be left unprotected, they are gathered together ingroups, often tightly packed together for extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a sizeapproximating their parents, they begin to moult into juvenile plumage and are ready to take their firsttrips out to sea.P4: The time from birth to this stage can vary from about six weeks to double that time in mostspecies but some penguin groups take many months.P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need to quickly learn where the best places tocatch their food are and how to avoid the predators that lurk in the sea. The research that has beendone so far indicates that less than one half of the young penguins that go out to sea each year surviveinto adulthood.P6: At the one-year stage, moulting happens again at which point the young start to look very muchlike their parents. At age two, most species of penguin are biologically programmed to turn theirattention to breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild probably live up toabout 20 years of age, although research has yet to confirm this A. within days of their birth. B. when temperatures rise C. when their second set of feathers grows. D. when they can swim 8. The word "chisels" (para. 1) could best be replaced by lasts for eight weeks, although larger eggs from larger birds might take a little longer. When the chickis fully developed, it carefully chisels its way out of the egg using a little notch at the end of its beak.Upon emerging, the chicks are dependent on their parents to protect them from the elements, frompredators and for their daily supply of food.P2: As in the incubation stage, both parents take it in turn to care for their young by alternatingbetween the roles of food gather and guardian of the nest. The young are always in close proximity totheir parents, either sitting on their parents' feet or under their bellies. As days go by, a thickprotective coat of downy feathers begins to grow which keeps the chicks warm and slowly allowsthem to seek independence from the nest within confined limits.P3: As the chicks rapidly put on weight, providing adequate quantities becomes a problem so bothparents need to hunt for food. Since the chicks cannot be left unprotected, they are gathered together ingroups, often tightly packed together for extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a sizeapproximating their parents, they begin to moult into juvenile plumage and are ready to take their firsttrips out to sea.P4: The time from birth to this stage can vary from about six weeks to double that time in mostspecies but some penguin groups take many months.P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need to quickly learn where the best places tocatch their food are and how to avoid the predators that lurk in the sea. The research that has beendone so far indicates that less than one half of the young penguins that go out to sea each year surviveinto adulthood.P6: At the one-year stage, moulting happens again at which point the young start to look very muchlike their parents. At age two, most species of penguin are biologically programmed to turn theirattention to breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild probably live up toabout 20 years of age, although research has yet to confirm this A. pushes B. hammers C. cuts D. pulls 9. Penguins probably die at sea because lasts for eight weeks, although larger eggs from larger birds might take a little longer. When the chickis fully developed, it carefully chisels its way out of the egg using a little notch at the end of its beak.Upon emerging, the chicks are dependent on their parents to protect them from the elements, frompredators and for their daily supply of food.P2: As in the incubation stage, both parents take it in turn to care for their young by alternatingbetween the roles of food gather and guardian of the nest. The young are always in close proximity totheir parents, either sitting on their parents' feet or under their bellies. As days go by, a thickprotective coat of downy feathers begins to grow which keeps the chicks warm and slowly allowsthem to seek independence from the nest within confined limits.P3: As the chicks rapidly put on weight, providing adequate quantities becomes a problem so bothparents need to hunt for food. Since the chicks cannot be left unprotected, they are gathered together ingroups, often tightly packed together for extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a sizeapproximating their parents, they begin to moult into juvenile plumage and are ready to take their firsttrips out to sea.P4: The time from birth to this stage can vary from about six weeks to double that time in mostspecies but some penguin groups take many months.P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need to quickly learn where the best places tocatch their food are and how to avoid the predators that lurk in the sea. The research that has beendone so far indicates that less than one half of the young penguins that go out to sea each year surviveinto adulthood.P6: At the one-year stage, moulting happens again at which point the young start to look very muchlike their parents. At age two, most species of penguin are biologically programmed to turn theirattention to breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild probably live up toabout 20 years of age, although research has yet to confirm this A. they fail to swim B. they do not catch enough fish. C. they are killed by other creatures. D. All of the above 10. Where would this passage most likely be found? P1: The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude of an earthquake,usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure of the amplitude of the seismic waves. Themoment magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released - an amount thatcan be estimated from seismograph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the Modified MercalliScale, is a subjective measure that describes how strong a shock was felt at a particular location.P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known scale for measuring themagnitude of earthquakes. This scale is logarithmic so that a recording of 7, for example, indicates adisturbance with ground motion 10 times as large as a recording of 6. A quake of magnitude 2 is thesmallest quake normally felt by people. Earthquakes with a Richter value of 6 or more are commonlyconsidered major; great earthquakes have a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter Scale.P3: The Modified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity of an earthquake's effects in a given localityin values ranging from I to XII. The most commonly used adaptation covers the range of intensity fromthe condition of "I -- not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions, " to "XII --damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air." Evaluationof earthquake intensity can be made only after eyewitness reports and results of field investigationsare studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake of 1964was X; damage from the San Francisco and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity ofXI.P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends on many factors. In addition to magnitude and the localgeologic conditions, these factors include the focal depth, the distance from the epicenter, and thedesign of buildings and other structures. The extent of damage also depends on the density ofpopulation and construction in the area shaken by the quake. A. In a newspaper B. In an encyclopaedia C. In a brochure D. In a scientific journal 11. Which title best expresses the contents of the passage? P1: The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude of an earthquake,usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure of the amplitude of the seismic waves. Themoment magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released - an amount thatcan be estimated from seismograph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the Modified MercalliScale, is a subjective measure that describes how strong a shock was felt at a particular location.P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known scale for measuring themagnitude of earthquakes. This scale is logarithmic so that a recording of 7, for example, indicates adisturbance with ground motion 10 times as large as a recording of 6. A quake of magnitude 2 is thesmallest quake normally felt by people. Earthquakes with a Richter value of 6 or more are commonlyconsidered major; great earthquakes have a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter Scale.P3: The Modified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity of an earthquake's effects in a given localityin values ranging from I to XII. The most commonly used adaptation covers the range of intensity fromthe condition of "I -- not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions, " to "XII --damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air." Evaluationof earthquake intensity can be made only after eyewitness reports and results of field investigationsare studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake of 1964was X; damage from the San Francisco and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity ofXI.P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends on many factors. In addition to magnitude and the localgeologic conditions, these factors include the focal depth, the distance from the epicenter, and thedesign of buildings and other structures. The extent of damage also depends on the density ofpopulation and construction in the area shaken by the quake. A. The destructive power of earthquakes. B. Measuring earthquakes C. Factors in earthquake security D. Earthquake occurrences 12. The seriousness of an earthquake according to the Modified Mercalli Scale P1: The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude of an earthquake,usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure of the amplitude of the seismic waves. Themoment magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released - an amount thatcan be estimated from seismograph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the Modified MercalliScale, is a subjective measure that describes how strong a shock was felt at a particular location.P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known scale for measuring themagnitude of earthquakes. This scale is logarithmic so that a recording of 7, for example, indicates adisturbance with ground motion 10 times as large as a recording of 6. A quake of magnitude 2 is thesmallest quake normally felt by people. Earthquakes with a Richter value of 6 or more are commonlyconsidered major; great earthquakes have a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter Scale.P3: The Modified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity of an earthquake's effects in a given localityin values ranging from I to XII. The most commonly used adaptation covers the range of intensity fromthe condition of "I -- not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions, " to "XII --damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air." Evaluationof earthquake intensity can be made only after eyewitness reports and results of field investigationsare studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake of 1964was X; damage from the San Francisco and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity ofXI.P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends on many factors. In addition to magnitude and the localgeologic conditions, these factors include the focal depth, the distance from the epicenter, and thedesign of buildings and other structures. The extent of damage also depends on the density ofpopulation and construction in the area shaken by the quake. A. is impossible to express B. requires historical reports C. is measured by the energy released D. depends on local conditions 13. The Modified Mercalli Scale is calculated using data from P1: The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude of an earthquake,usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure of the amplitude of the seismic waves. Themoment magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released - an amount thatcan be estimated from seismograph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the Modified MercalliScale, is a subjective measure that describes how strong a shock was felt at a particular location.P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known scale for measuring themagnitude of earthquakes. This scale is logarithmic so that a recording of 7, for example, indicates adisturbance with ground motion 10 times as large as a recording of 6. A quake of magnitude 2 is thesmallest quake normally felt by people. Earthquakes with a Richter value of 6 or more are commonlyconsidered major; great earthquakes have a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter Scale.P3: The Modified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity of an earthquake's effects in a given localityin values ranging from I to XII. The most commonly used adaptation covers the range of intensity fromthe condition of "I -- not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions, " to "XII --damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air." Evaluationof earthquake intensity can be made only after eyewitness reports and results of field investigationsare studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake of 1964was X; damage from the San Francisco and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity ofXI.P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends on many factors. In addition to magnitude and the localgeologic conditions, these factors include the focal depth, the distance from the epicenter, and thedesign of buildings and other structures. The extent of damage also depends on the density ofpopulation and construction in the area shaken by the quake. A. personal reports B. personal reports and instrument readings C. personal reports and physical evidence D. personal reports, physical evidence and historical data 14. The word "distorted" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to P1: The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude of an earthquake,usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure of the amplitude of the seismic waves. Themoment magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released - an amount thatcan be estimated from seismograph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the Modified MercalliScale, is a subjective measure that describes how strong a shock was felt at a particular location.P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known scale for measuring themagnitude of earthquakes. This scale is logarithmic so that a recording of 7, for example, indicates adisturbance with ground motion 10 times as large as a recording of 6. A quake of magnitude 2 is thesmallest quake normally felt by people. Earthquakes with a Richter value of 6 or more are commonlyconsidered major; great earthquakes have a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter Scale.P3: The Modified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity of an earthquake's effects in a given localityin values ranging from I to XII. The most commonly used adaptation covers the range of intensity fromthe condition of "I -- not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions, " to "XII --damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air." Evaluationof earthquake intensity can be made only after eyewitness reports and results of field investigationsare studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake of 1964was X; damage from the San Francisco and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity ofXI.P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends on many factors. In addition to magnitude and the localgeologic conditions, these factors include the focal depth, the distance from the epicenter, and thedesign of buildings and other structures. The extent of damage also depends on the density ofpopulation and construction in the area shaken by the quake. A. Damaged B. Flattened C. Declined D. Twisted 15. Which factor is not mentioned as relevant to the scale of earthquake damage? P1: The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude of an earthquake,usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure of the amplitude of the seismic waves. Themoment magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released - an amount thatcan be estimated from seismograph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the Modified MercalliScale, is a subjective measure that describes how strong a shock was felt at a particular location.P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known scale for measuring themagnitude of earthquakes. This scale is logarithmic so that a recording of 7, for example, indicates adisturbance with ground motion 10 times as large as a recording of 6. A quake of magnitude 2 is thesmallest quake normally felt by people. Earthquakes with a Richter value of 6 or more are commonlyconsidered major; great earthquakes have a magnitude of 8 or more on the Richter Scale.P3: The Modified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity of an earthquake's effects in a given localityin values ranging from I to XII. The most commonly used adaptation covers the range of intensity fromthe condition of "I -- not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions, " to "XII --damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air." Evaluationof earthquake intensity can be made only after eyewitness reports and results of field investigationsare studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake of 1964was X; damage from the San Francisco and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity ofXI.P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends on many factors. In addition to magnitude and the localgeologic conditions, these factors include the focal depth, the distance from the epicenter, and thedesign of buildings and other structures. The extent of damage also depends on the density ofpopulation and construction in the area shaken by the quake. A. The area of the earthquake B. The time of the earthquake C. Number of people living in the area D. Number of buildings involved 16. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? P1: Many countries in the developed and rapidly developing world have come to the realisation thata far greater number of a country's population need to be at university or other places of highereducation to ensure that their knowledge-based economies can compete with others. At the same time,there is a strong feeling that universities, traditionally made up of small elites, need to ensure thatdisadvantaged groups get equal access. The effect of all this has been the ballooning of studentnumbers in Higher Education in the last ten years in many countries from Australia, to South Korea, toBritain, to Canada and to others.P2: As numbers rose inexorably, so have costs. Who is to foot the bill? The answer has beenincreasingly that costs must be transferred to the individual, as the state sector just does not have thecapacity to fund the expansion that is required. Fees have gone up and will have to continue to rise.Many people who want access to all that a tertiary education offers have found that they will be facedwith large mountains of debt upon graduation. The question that needs to be asked is whether feehikes have discouraged entrance, particularly among those who would suffer the greatest financialhardship.P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early introducers of increased fees.The former introduced HECS, which is a combined tuition fee and income-contingent student loanscheme. The latter introduced and then deregulated student fees. In both cases, participation levelswere largely unaffected by the changes, especially among lower-income families.P4: A more recent trend has been the adoption of student loan schemes which take the form of softloans, popularly tagged "study now, pay later". Many argue that social equity is damaged by the costs;people from poorer backgrounds will baulk at the costs involved and fail to enrol at universities.However, some argue that soft loan schemes are more equitable because those who have incurreddebts during their studies stand a greater chance of repaying the loans through increased opportunitiesto obtain better-paid jobs.P5: At a time when many governments are strapped for cash, a shift to "study now, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that could be used to remove barriers at earlier levels of education A. The crisis in Higher Education B. The Funding of Higher Education C. Knowledge-based economies and Higher Education D. Higher education and the Australia/New Zealand experience 17. Canada is mentioned because P1: Many countries in the developed and rapidly developing world have come to the realisation thata far greater number of a country's population need to be at university or other places of highereducation to ensure that their knowledge-based economies can compete with others. At the same time,there is a strong feeling that universities, traditionally made up of small elites, need to ensure thatdisadvantaged groups get equal access. The effect of all this has been the ballooning of studentnumbers in Higher Education in the last ten years in many countries from Australia, to South Korea, toBritain, to Canada and to others.P2: As numbers rose inexorably, so have costs. Who is to foot the bill? The answer has beenincreasingly that costs must be transferred to the individual, as the state sector just does not have thecapacity to fund the expansion that is required. Fees have gone up and will have to continue to rise.Many people who want access to all that a tertiary education offers have found that they will be facedwith large mountains of debt upon graduation. The question that needs to be asked is whether feehikes have discouraged entrance, particularly among those who would suffer the greatest financialhardship.P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early introducers of increased fees.The former introduced HECS, which is a combined tuition fee and income-contingent student loanscheme. The latter introduced and then deregulated student fees. In both cases, participation levelswere largely unaffected by the changes, especially among lower-income families.P4: A more recent trend has been the adoption of student loan schemes which take the form of softloans, popularly tagged "study now, pay later". Many argue that social equity is damaged by the costs;people from poorer backgrounds will baulk at the costs involved and fail to enrol at universities.However, some argue that soft loan schemes are more equitable because those who have incurreddebts during their studies stand a greater chance of repaying the loans through increased opportunitiesto obtain better-paid jobs.P5: At a time when many governments are strapped for cash, a shift to "study now, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that could be used to remove barriers at earlier levels of education A. disadvantaged persons there now enter Higher Education. B. it is part of the developed world C. the student population there has increased. D. it is representative of North America. 18. Which one of the following statements is not true? P1: Many countries in the developed and rapidly developing world have come to the realisation thata far greater number of a country's population need to be at university or other places of highereducation to ensure that their knowledge-based economies can compete with others. At the same time,there is a strong feeling that universities, traditionally made up of small elites, need to ensure thatdisadvantaged groups get equal access. The effect of all this has been the ballooning of studentnumbers in Higher Education in the last ten years in many countries from Australia, to South Korea, toBritain, to Canada and to others.P2: As numbers rose inexorably, so have costs. Who is to foot the bill? The answer has beenincreasingly that costs must be transferred to the individual, as the state sector just does not have thecapacity to fund the expansion that is required. Fees have gone up and will have to continue to rise.Many people who want access to all that a tertiary education offers have found that they will be facedwith large mountains of debt upon graduation. The question that needs to be asked is whether feehikes have discouraged entrance, particularly among those who would suffer the greatest financialhardship.P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early introducers of increased fees.The former introduced HECS, which is a combined tuition fee and income-contingent student loanscheme. The latter introduced and then deregulated student fees. In both cases, participation levelswere largely unaffected by the changes, especially among lower-income families.P4: A more recent trend has been the adoption of student loan schemes which take the form of softloans, popularly tagged "study now, pay later". Many argue that social equity is damaged by the costs;people from poorer backgrounds will baulk at the costs involved and fail to enrol at universities.However, some argue that soft loan schemes are more equitable because those who have incurreddebts during their studies stand a greater chance of repaying the loans through increased opportunitiesto obtain better-paid jobs.P5: At a time when many governments are strapped for cash, a shift to "study now, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that could be used to remove barriers at earlier levels of education A. Loan schemes have been introduced. B. Fees have risen in Australia. C. Poorer New Zealand students stopped entering Higher Education D. University students often get good salaries. 19. The word "latter" (Paragraph 3) refers t P1: Many countries in the developed and rapidly developing world have come to the realisation thata far greater number of a country's population need to be at university or other places of highereducation to ensure that their knowledge-based economies can compete with others. At the same time,there is a strong feeling that universities, traditionally made up of small elites, need to ensure thatdisadvantaged groups get equal access. The effect of all this has been the ballooning of studentnumbers in Higher Education in the last ten years in many countries from Australia, to South Korea, toBritain, to Canada and to others.P2: As numbers rose inexorably, so have costs. Who is to foot the bill? The answer has beenincreasingly that costs must be transferred to the individual, as the state sector just does not have thecapacity to fund the expansion that is required. Fees have gone up and will have to continue to rise.Many people who want access to all that a tertiary education offers have found that they will be facedwith large mountains of debt upon graduation. The question that needs to be asked is whether feehikes have discouraged entrance, particularly among those who would suffer the greatest financialhardship.P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early introducers of increased fees.The former introduced HECS, which is a combined tuition fee and income-contingent student loanscheme. The latter introduced and then deregulated student fees. In both cases, participation levelswere largely unaffected by the changes, especially among lower-income families.P4: A more recent trend has been the adoption of student loan schemes which take the form of softloans, popularly tagged "study now, pay later". Many argue that social equity is damaged by the costs;people from poorer backgrounds will baulk at the costs involved and fail to enrol at universities.However, some argue that soft loan schemes are more equitable because those who have incurreddebts during their studies stand a greater chance of repaying the loans through increased opportunitiesto obtain better-paid jobs.P5: At a time when many governments are strapped for cash, a shift to "study now, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that could be used to remove barriers at earlier levels of education. A. Australia B. student loan-scheme C. Hecs D. New Zealand 20. Soft loan schemes are applicable to P1: Many countries in the developed and rapidly developing world have come to the realisation thata far greater number of a country's population need to be at university or other places of highereducation to ensure that their knowledge-based economies can compete with others. At the same time,there is a strong feeling that universities, traditionally made up of small elites, need to ensure thatdisadvantaged groups get equal access. The effect of all this has been the ballooning of studentnumbers in Higher Education in the last ten years in many countries from Australia, to South Korea, toBritain, to Canada and to others.P2: As numbers rose inexorably, so have costs. Who is to foot the bill? The answer has beenincreasingly that costs must be transferred to the individual, as the state sector just does not have thecapacity to fund the expansion that is required. Fees have gone up and will have to continue to rise.Many people who want access to all that a tertiary education offers have found that they will be facedwith large mountains of debt upon graduation. The question that needs to be asked is whether feehikes have discouraged entrance, particularly among those who would suffer the greatest financialhardship.P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early introducers of increased fees.The former introduced HECS, which is a combined tuition fee and income-contingent student loanscheme. The latter introduced and then deregulated student fees. In both cases, participation levelswere largely unaffected by the changes, especially among lower-income families.P4: A more recent trend has been the adoption of student loan schemes which take the form of softloans, popularly tagged "study now, pay later". Many argue that social equity is damaged by the costs;people from poorer backgrounds will baulk at the costs involved and fail to enrol at universities.However, some argue that soft loan schemes are more equitable because those who have incurreddebts during their studies stand a greater chance of repaying the loans through increased opportunitiesto obtain better-paid jobs.P5: At a time when many governments are strapped for cash, a shift to "study now, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that could be used to remove barriers at earlier levels of education. A. higher-income student B. disadvantaged groups C. lower-income students D. all university students 21. The word "baulk" (Paragraph 4) is best replaced by P1: Many countries in the developed and rapidly developing world have come to the realisation thata far greater number of a country's population need to be at university or other places of highereducation to ensure that their knowledge-based economies can compete with others. At the same time,there is a strong feeling that universities, traditionally made up of small elites, need to ensure thatdisadvantaged groups get equal access. The effect of all this has been the ballooning of studentnumbers in Higher Education in the last ten years in many countries from Australia, to South Korea, toBritain, to Canada and to others.P2: As numbers rose inexorably, so have costs. Who is to foot the bill? The answer has beenincreasingly that costs must be transferred to the individual, as the state sector just does not have thecapacity to fund the expansion that is required. Fees have gone up and will have to continue to rise.Many people who want access to all that a tertiary education offers have found that they will be facedwith large mountains of debt upon graduation. The question that needs to be asked is whether feehikes have discouraged entrance, particularly among those who would suffer the greatest financialhardship.P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early introducers of increased fees.The former introduced HECS, which is a combined tuition fee and income-contingent student loanscheme. The latter introduced and then deregulated student fees. In both cases, participation levelswere largely unaffected by the changes, especially among lower-income families.P4: A more recent trend has been the adoption of student loan schemes which take the form of softloans, popularly tagged "study now, pay later". Many argue that social equity is damaged by the costs;people from poorer backgrounds will baulk at the costs involved and fail to enrol at universities.However, some argue that soft loan schemes are more equitable because those who have incurreddebts during their studies stand a greater chance of repaying the loans through increased opportunitiesto obtain better-paid jobs.P5: At a time when many governments are strapped for cash, a shift to "study now, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that could be used to remove barriers at earlier levels of education. A. Fear B. Reject C. Suffer D. recoil 22. What is the main topic of the passage? P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. The study of whales B. The travel habits of whales C. The development of whales D. The long life of whales 23. Which statement is not true of whales? P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. They are easy to count. B. They live for a long time C. They hear underwater. D. They once lived on land 24. The word "supremely" in line 4 could best be replaced by P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. Firstly B. Originally C. Mostly D. highly 25. Whale age P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. depends on migration patterns B. cannot be determined by study C. varies from species to species. D. depends on hunting success. 26. The phrase "of this type" in paragraph 2 refers to P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. Bowheads B. Harpoons C. Inuits D. male whales 27. Which statement is not true? P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. They are easy to count. B. They live for a long time C. They hear underwater. D. They once lived on land 28. Population surveying is difficult because P1: Whales, the largest animals on earth, belong to a family of mammals known as cetaceans. Unlikefish, whales are warm-blooded, breathe air and give birth to live young. Scientists believe that theyevolved from land mammals with four legs, though they are now supremely adapted to underwaterlife. They have excellent hearing and are two to three times more efficient than land mammals at usingoxygen in inhaled air. Whales have collapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and theyhave layers of insulating fat, called blubber, to protect them from the cold.P2: Whales are difficult creatures to study because they are long-lived, reproduce slowly and mostare highly migratory. Pacific Gray whales, for example, migrate from Alaska to Mexico every year,traveling about 20,000 kilometres annually. Most whales live to approximately 40 years of age,though others, such as the Fin, can live to be 90. Bowhead whales may be especially long-lived. In1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was found to have been carrying in its flesh a stoneharpoon point. Since this kind of harpoon is not known to have been in use after 1900, it suggests thatsome individual whales of this type may live around the 100 years mark.P3: Since it is very difficult to count whales accurately (population changes occur very slowly), it isimpossible to tell if a population is growing or shrinking in the course of a few years' study. In fact,the size of some populations of whales is known no more accurately than plus or minus 50 percent. A. whales are migratory B. whale numbers hardly move. C. whales are small in number D. whale numbers are decreasing. 29. What is the best title for this passage? P1: Most species of pollen have some level of allergenicity but some are particularly notorious forinducing symptoms of hay fever. Grass pollen affects about 95% of all hay fever sufferers and birchtree pollen affects about 20%. Oak tree, plane tree and nettle pollen are also well known for theirallergenic properties.P2: One of the most allergenic species on an international level is the wind-pollinated ragweed. Itproduces a huge amount of pollen - up to 8,000 million pollen grains can be released in just 5 hoursfrom the giant ragweed species. Wind pollinated plants do tend to produce masses of pollen to ensurethat at least some of it reaches the right target.P3: The majority of flowering plants are insect-pollinated and so their pollen does not need to bedispersed on the wind and they therefore produce smaller quantities of it. The pollen from theseinsect-pollinated species is often sticky to adhere to the bodies of insects and can form clumpsmaking it visible to the eye, which often makes people assume that this is the pollen type causing theirsymptoms. While such pollen does have allergenic properties, the chances of it reaching the nose areusually slim. So, it is the wind-pollinated species with their insignificant flowers (usually greenyyellow and small) producing millions of pollen grains that mainly cause the hay fever symptoms andtrigger asthma in those susceptible. A. The problems of pollen B. The allergenicity of pollen C. The producers of pollen D. The causes of hay fever 30. Why does the ragweed produce much pollen? P1: Most species of pollen have some level of allergenicity but some are particularly notorious forinducing symptoms of hay fever. Grass pollen affects about 95% of all hay fever sufferers and birchtree pollen affects about 20%. Oak tree, plane tree and nettle pollen are also well known for theirallergenic properties.P2: One of the most allergenic species on an international level is the wind-pollinated ragweed. Itproduces a huge amount of pollen - up to 8,000 million pollen grains can be released in just 5 hoursfrom the giant ragweed species. Wind pollinated plants do tend to produce masses of pollen to ensurethat at least some of it reaches the right target.P3: The majority of flowering plants are insect-pollinated and so their pollen does not need to bedispersed on the wind and they therefore produce smaller quantities of it. The pollen from theseinsect-pollinated species is often sticky to adhere to the bodies of insects and can form clumpsmaking it visible to the eye, which often makes people assume that this is the pollen type causing theirsymptoms. While such pollen does have allergenic properties, the chances of it reaching the nose areusually slim. So, it is the wind-pollinated species with their insignificant flowers (usually greenyyellow and small) producing millions of pollen grains that mainly cause the hay fever symptoms andtrigger asthma in those susceptible. A. Its release time is short B. It is allergenic. C. Much might be lost. D. It is large in size. 31. The word "it" in sentence 1 of paragraph 3 refers to P1: Most species of pollen have some level of allergenicity but some are particularly notorious forinducing symptoms of hay fever. Grass pollen affects about 95% of all hay fever sufferers and birchtree pollen affects about 20%. Oak tree, plane tree and nettle pollen are also well known for theirallergenic properties.P2: One of the most allergenic species on an international level is the wind-pollinated ragweed. Itproduces a huge amount of pollen - up to 8,000 million pollen grains can be released in just 5 hoursfrom the giant ragweed species. Wind pollinated plants do tend to produce masses of pollen to ensurethat at least some of it reaches the right target.P3: The majority of flowering plants are insect-pollinated and so their pollen does not need to bedispersed on the wind and they therefore produce smaller quantities of it. The pollen from theseinsect-pollinated species is often sticky to adhere to the bodies of insects and can form clumpsmaking it visible to the eye, which often makes people assume that this is the pollen type causing theirsymptoms. While such pollen does have allergenic properties, the chances of it reaching the nose areusually slim. So, it is the wind-pollinated species with their insignificant flowers (usually greenyyellow and small) producing millions of pollen grains that mainly cause the hay fever symptoms andtrigger asthma in those susceptible. A. Allergy B. Flowering plants C. Pollen D. Majority 32. The word "clumps' in line 11 could best be replaced by P1: Most species of pollen have some level of allergenicity but some are particularly notorious forinducing symptoms of hay fever. Grass pollen affects about 95% of all hay fever sufferers and birchtree pollen affects about 20%. Oak tree, plane tree and nettle pollen are also well known for theirallergenic properties.P2: One of the most allergenic species on an international level is the wind-pollinated ragweed. Itproduces a huge amount of pollen - up to 8,000 million pollen grains can be released in just 5 hoursfrom the giant ragweed species. Wind pollinated plants do tend to produce masses of pollen to ensurethat at least some of it reaches the right target.P3: The majority of flowering plants are insect-pollinated and so their pollen does not need to bedispersed on the wind and they therefore produce smaller quantities of it. The pollen from theseinsect-pollinated species is often sticky to adhere to the bodies of insects and can form clumpsmaking it visible to the eye, which often makes people assume that this is the pollen type causing theirsymptoms. While such pollen does have allergenic properties, the chances of it reaching the nose areusually slim. So, it is the wind-pollinated species with their insignificant flowers (usually greenyyellow and small) producing millions of pollen grains that mainly cause the hay fever symptoms andtrigger asthma in those susceptible. A. Pieces B. Patterns C. Droplets D. Clusters 33. Which statement is not true of insect-pollinated plants? P1: Most species of pollen have some level of allergenicity but some are particularly notorious forinducing symptoms of hay fever. Grass pollen affects about 95% of all hay fever sufferers and birchtree pollen affects about 20%. Oak tree, plane tree and nettle pollen are also well known for theirallergenic properties.P2: One of the most allergenic species on an international level is the wind-pollinated ragweed. Itproduces a huge amount of pollen - up to 8,000 million pollen grains can be released in just 5 hoursfrom the giant ragweed species. Wind pollinated plants do tend to produce masses of pollen to ensurethat at least some of it reaches the right target.P3: The majority of flowering plants are insect-pollinated and so their pollen does not need to bedispersed on the wind and they therefore produce smaller quantities of it. The pollen from theseinsect-pollinated species is often sticky to adhere to the bodies of insects and can form clumpsmaking it visible to the eye, which often makes people assume that this is the pollen type causing theirsymptoms. While such pollen does have allergenic properties, the chances of it reaching the nose areusually slim. So, it is the wind-pollinated species with their insignificant flowers (usually greenyyellow and small) producing millions of pollen grains that mainly cause the hay fever symptoms andtrigger asthma in those susceptible. A. They produce sticky pollen. B. They produce only greeny-yellow flowers. C. They produce smaller quantities of pollen than wind-pollinated plants. D. They produce pollen that can often be seen. 34. People believe insect-pollinated species cause their allergy because P1: Most species of pollen have some level of allergenicity but some are particularly notorious forinducing symptoms of hay fever. Grass pollen affects about 95% of all hay fever sufferers and birchtree pollen affects about 20%. Oak tree, plane tree and nettle pollen are also well known for theirallergenic properties.P2: One of the most allergenic species on an international level is the wind-pollinated ragweed. Itproduces a huge amount of pollen - up to 8,000 million pollen grains can be released in just 5 hoursfrom the giant ragweed species. Wind pollinated plants do tend to produce masses of pollen to ensurethat at least some of it reaches the right target.P3: The majority of flowering plants are insect-pollinated and so their pollen does not need to bedispersed on the wind and they therefore produce smaller quantities of it. The pollen from theseinsect-pollinated species is often sticky to adhere to the bodies of insects and can form clumpsmaking it visible to the eye, which often makes people assume that this is the pollen type causing theirsymptoms. While such pollen does have allergenic properties, the chances of it reaching the nose areusually slim. So, it is the wind-pollinated species with their insignificant flowers (usually greenyyellow and small) producing millions of pollen grains that mainly cause the hay fever symptoms andtrigger asthma in those susceptible. A. they can see the pollen B. pollen is carried by the wind. C. millions of grains are produced. D. they are allergenic. 35. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? P1: Cold-water coral can live as deep as 2000m below the ocean surface, well beyond the reach ofsunlight and where the temperature can be as low as 4°C.P2: Despite their dark, chilly location, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tropicalcounterparts. The Lophelia pertusa reefs off the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, for example,grow as delicate branches ranging in colour from orange to pink to white. Like tropical reefs, they arehome to a multitude of other animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anemones, sponges, worms, andcrabs. They are also likely to be important spawning and nursery grounds for several fish species,including commercially valuable ones.P3: Their biology is, however, very different. Tropical corals get most of their food from symbioticalgae, which create energy from photosynthesis. Sunlight doesn't reach the areas where cold-watercoral grows, so instead, these corals feed by scooping up microscopic organisms and food particlesthat drift past. Cold-water corals are also incredibly slow growing: it can take 400 years for a coraltree to become just 2cm thick. The largest reefs discovered so far are up to 3km wide and 45km longand are at least 4,500 years old - amongst the oldest living systems on the planet.P4: Although fishermen have known of their existence for a long time, it's only in the last decade orso that scientists have really started to study cold-water coral. They have been found around theworld, from the Bering Sea and northern Europe to Florida, the Galapagos Islands, the southernPacific, and even Antarctica. Most deep-water reefs are poorly mapped, and it is likely that manymore remain to be discovered. Many mysteries remain even for the best-studied reefs, including thedetails of how the corals feed and reproduce. A. The discovery of cold-water coral B. Coral and its diversity C. The value of cold-water coral D. Cold-water coral 36. The word "their" in sentence 1, paragraph 3 refers to P1: Cold-water coral can live as deep as 2000m below the ocean surface, well beyond the reach ofsunlight and where the temperature can be as low as 4°C.P2: Despite their dark, chilly location, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tropicalcounterparts. The Lophelia pertusa reefs off the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, for example,grow as delicate branches ranging in colour from orange to pink to white. Like tropical reefs, they arehome to a multitude of other animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anemones, sponges, worms, andcrabs. They are also likely to be important spawning and nursery grounds for several fish species,including commercially valuable ones.P3: Their biology is, however, very different. Tropical corals get most of their food from symbioticalgae, which create energy from photosynthesis. Sunlight doesn't reach the areas where cold-watercoral grows, so instead, these corals feed by scooping up microscopic organisms and food particlesthat drift past. Cold-water corals are also incredibly slow growing: it can take 400 years for a coraltree to become just 2cm thick. The largest reefs discovered so far are up to 3km wide and 45km longand are at least 4,500 years old - amongst the oldest living systems on the planet.P4: Although fishermen have known of their existence for a long time, it's only in the last decade orso that scientists have really started to study cold-water coral. They have been found around theworld, from the Bering Sea and northern Europe to Florida, the Galapagos Islands, the southernPacific, and even Antarctica. Most deep-water reefs are poorly mapped, and it is likely that manymore remain to be discovered. Many mysteries remain even for the best-studied reefs, including thedetails of how the corals feed and reproduce. A. fish species B. cold-water coral C. nursery grounds D. tropical coral 37. The verb "scooping up" in paragraph 3 is best replaced by P1: Cold-water coral can live as deep as 2000m below the ocean surface, well beyond the reach ofsunlight and where the temperature can be as low as 4°C.P2: Despite their dark, chilly location, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tropicalcounterparts. The Lophelia pertusa reefs off the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, for example,grow as delicate branches ranging in colour from orange to pink to white. Like tropical reefs, they arehome to a multitude of other animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anemones, sponges, worms, andcrabs. They are also likely to be important spawning and nursery grounds for several fish species,including commercially valuable ones.P3: Their biology is, however, very different. Tropical corals get most of their food from symbioticalgae, which create energy from photosynthesis. Sunlight doesn't reach the areas where cold-watercoral grows, so instead, these corals feed by scooping up microscopic organisms and food particlesthat drift past. Cold-water corals are also incredibly slow growing: it can take 400 years for a coraltree to become just 2cm thick. The largest reefs discovered so far are up to 3km wide and 45km longand are at least 4,500 years old - amongst the oldest living systems on the planet.P4: Although fishermen have known of their existence for a long time, it's only in the last decade orso that scientists have really started to study cold-water coral. They have been found around theworld, from the Bering Sea and northern Europe to Florida, the Galapagos Islands, the southernPacific, and even Antarctica. Most deep-water reefs are poorly mapped, and it is likely that manymore remain to be discovered. Many mysteries remain even for the best-studied reefs, including thedetails of how the corals feed and reproduce. A. Eating B. Gathering C. Attracting D. Capturing 38. Cold-water coral are different to tropical coral because P1: Cold-water coral can live as deep as 2000m below the ocean surface, well beyond the reach ofsunlight and where the temperature can be as low as 4°C.P2: Despite their dark, chilly location, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tropicalcounterparts. The Lophelia pertusa reefs off the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, for example,grow as delicate branches ranging in colour from orange to pink to white. Like tropical reefs, they arehome to a multitude of other animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anemones, sponges, worms, andcrabs. They are also likely to be important spawning and nursery grounds for several fish species,including commercially valuable ones.P3: Their biology is, however, very different. Tropical corals get most of their food from symbioticalgae, which create energy from photosynthesis. Sunlight doesn't reach the areas where cold-watercoral grows, so instead, these corals feed by scooping up microscopic organisms and food particlesthat drift past. Cold-water corals are also incredibly slow growing: it can take 400 years for a coraltree to become just 2cm thick. The largest reefs discovered so far are up to 3km wide and 45km longand are at least 4,500 years old - amongst the oldest living systems on the planet.P4: Although fishermen have known of their existence for a long time, it's only in the last decade orso that scientists have really started to study cold-water coral. They have been found around theworld, from the Bering Sea and northern Europe to Florida, the Galapagos Islands, the southernPacific, and even Antarctica. Most deep-water reefs are poorly mapped, and it is likely that manymore remain to be discovered. Many mysteries remain even for the best-studied reefs, including thedetails of how the corals feed and reproduce. A. they contain many fish. B. they have bright colours. C. they do not receive the sun. D. they do not require energy. 39. Which statement is not true of cold-water coral? P1: Cold-water coral can live as deep as 2000m below the ocean surface, well beyond the reach ofsunlight and where the temperature can be as low as 4°C.P2: Despite their dark, chilly location, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tropicalcounterparts. The Lophelia pertusa reefs off the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, for example,grow as delicate branches ranging in colour from orange to pink to white. Like tropical reefs, they arehome to a multitude of other animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anemones, sponges, worms, andcrabs. They are also likely to be important spawning and nursery grounds for several fish species,including commercially valuable ones.P3: Their biology is, however, very different. Tropical corals get most of their food from symbioticalgae, which create energy from photosynthesis. Sunlight doesn't reach the areas where cold-watercoral grows, so instead, these corals feed by scooping up microscopic organisms and food particlesthat drift past. Cold-water corals are also incredibly slow growing: it can take 400 years for a coraltree to become just 2cm thick. The largest reefs discovered so far are up to 3km wide and 45km longand are at least 4,500 years old - amongst the oldest living systems on the planet.P4: Although fishermen have known of their existence for a long time, it's only in the last decade orso that scientists have really started to study cold-water coral. They have been found around theworld, from the Bering Sea and northern Europe to Florida, the Galapagos Islands, the southernPacific, and even Antarctica. Most deep-water reefs are poorly mapped, and it is likely that manymore remain to be discovered. Many mysteries remain even for the best-studied reefs, including thedetails of how the corals feed and reproduce. A. They are mostly in Europe. B. They grow slowly. C. They are home to many animals. D. They are unaffected by the sun 40. We have little knowledge of cold-water coral because P1: Cold-water coral can live as deep as 2000m below the ocean surface, well beyond the reach ofsunlight and where the temperature can be as low as 4°C.P2: Despite their dark, chilly location, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tropicalcounterparts. The Lophelia pertusa reefs off the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, for example,grow as delicate branches ranging in colour from orange to pink to white. Like tropical reefs, they arehome to a multitude of other animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anemones, sponges, worms, andcrabs. They are also likely to be important spawning and nursery grounds for several fish species,including commercially valuable ones.P3: Their biology is, however, very different. Tropical corals get most of their food from symbioticalgae, which create energy from photosynthesis. Sunlight doesn't reach the areas where cold-watercoral grows, so instead, these corals feed by scooping up microscopic organisms and food particlesthat drift past. Cold-water corals are also incredibly slow growing: it can take 400 years for a coraltree to become just 2cm thick. The largest reefs discovered so far are up to 3km wide and 45km longand are at least 4,500 years old - amongst the oldest living systems on the planet.P4: Although fishermen have known of their existence for a long time, it's only in the last decade orso that scientists have really started to study cold-water coral. They have been found around theworld, from the Bering Sea and northern Europe to Florida, the Galapagos Islands, the southernPacific, and even Antarctica. Most deep-water reefs are poorly mapped, and it is likely that manymore remain to be discovered. Many mysteries remain even for the best-studied reefs, including thedetails of how the corals feed and reproduce. A. they are very deep B. they have not been studied in detail C. they are spread around the world. D. they were recently discovered. Warning: Undefined array key "correct_answer_logic" in /home/kaling/public_html/kalingaplus/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/php/classes/class-qmn-quiz-manager.php on line 451 Time's up